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The Humanure Handbook - Reference Citations

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THE HUMANURE HANDBOOK -- REFERENCE CITATIONS

REFERENCES - CHAPTER ONE - CRAP HAPPENS
1 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1998). State of the World 1998. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 115.
2 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1999). State of the World 1999. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 15.
3 - Associated Press. (1999 January 12).
4 - State of the World 1999, p. 14.
5 - State of the World 1999, p. 88.
6 - State of the World 1998, p. 3, 10.
7 - State of the World 1999, p. 10; State of the World 1998, p. 3.
8 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1998). Vital Signs 1998. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 20.
9 - State of the World 1998, p. 4, 5.
10 - State of the World 1998, p. 14.
11 - State of the World 1999, p. 79, 83.
12 - State of the World 1999, p. 87.
13 - State of the World 1998, p. 11, 41; State of the World 1999, p. 97.
14 - State of the World 1999, p. 13, 97.
15 - State of the World 1999, p. 20, 21, 41, 46.
16 - Steingraber, Sandra. (1997). Living Downstream. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, p. 70.
17 - Living Downstream, p. 90.
18 - Colborn, Theo, Dumanoksi, Diane and Myers, John Peterson. (1996). Our Stolen Future. New York: Penguin Books, p.137.
19 - Living Downstream, p. 103.
20 - State of the World 1999, p. 49; Living Downstream, p. 70.
21 - Living Downstream, p. 38, 40, 49, 59, 60.
22 - Our Stolen Future, p. 137.
23 - Ryan, Frank, M.D. (1997). Virus X. New York: Little, Brown and Co., p. 383-390.
24 - State of the World 1999, p. xix.
25 - Gelbspan, Ross. (1997). The Heat is On. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., p. 148, 157.
26 - Barker, Rodney. (1998). And the Waters Turned to Blood. New York: Touchstone.

REFERENCES - CHAPTER TWO - WASTE NOT WANT NOT
1 - Hershkowitz, Allen. (1997). Too Good to Throw Away: Recycling's Proven Record. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council, Chapter 2.
2 - Steingraber, Sandra. (1997). Living Downstream. Reading, MA: Perseus Books, p. 95.
3 - Living Downstream, p. 238.
4 - Too Good to Throw Away, Chapter Two.
5 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1998). State of the World 1998. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 106.
6 - Kantor, Linda S., et al. (1997, January - April). “Estimating and Addressing America's Food Losses.” Food Review. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture, Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service.
7 - US Environmental Protection Agency. (May 1998) Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update. Report # EPA530-R-98-007. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, p. 29, 45.
8 - State of the World 1998, p. 102.
9 - State of the World 1998, p. 101, 166.
10 - State of the World 1998, p. 101.
11 - Environment Reporter. (1996 September 27)
12 - Too Good to Throw Away, Chapter Two.
13 - Too Good to Throw Away, Chapter Two.
14 - World Resource Foundation. (1998, April). Warmer Bulletin Information Sheet - Landfill.
15 - Hammond, A., et al. (Eds.) (1993). 1993 Information Please Environmental Almanac. New York. Houghton Mifflin Co., p. 60-64.
16 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1999). State of the World 1999. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 141.
17 - Daniel, J.E., et al., (Eds.). 1992 Earth Journal. Boulder, CO: Buzzworm Books, p. 94.
18 - Fahm, Lattee A. (1980). The Waste of Nations: The Economic Utilization of Human Waste in Agriculture. Montclair, NJ: Allenheld, Osmun & Co., p. 45.
19 - Golden, Jack, et al. (1979). The Environmental Impact Data Book. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., p. 495.
20 - US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Ocean Resources, Conservation and Assessment. (1987). The National Coastal Pollutant Discharge Inventory Database. Silver Spring, MD: DOC/NOAA/ORCA.
21 - Environment Reporter. (1991 November 22) p. 1799.
22 - Environment Reporter. (1992 January 3) p. 2103.
23 - Environment Reporter. (1992 February 14) p. 2373.
24 - Environment Reporter. (1991 December 27) p. 2072.
25 - Environment Reporter. (1992 January 17) p. 2144.
26 - Environment Reporter. (1992 May 1) p. 13.
27 - US Environmental Protection Agency. (September 1997). Beach Program, EPA#820-F-97-002. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, p. 5.
28 - Environment Reporter. (1992 July 31). Washington D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., p. 1110.
29 - Paul, Elizabeth. (1998). Testing the Waters VIII: Has Your Vacation Beach Cleaned Up Its Act?. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.; NRDC Worldview News. (1998). Pollution Persists at US Beaches. Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
30 - Bitton, Gabriel. (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. New York: Wiley-Liss, Inc., p. 368-369.
31 - National Resources Defense Council. (1997). Bulletin: Stop Polluted Runoff - 11 Actions to Clean up Our Waters. http://www.nrdc.org/nrdcpn/fppubl.html
32 - Wastewater Microbiology, p. 86.
33 - Ralof, Janet. (1998 March 21). “Drugged Waters--Does it Matter that Pharmaceuticals are Turning Up in Water Supplies?” Science News, Vol. 153 (No. 12), p. 187-189.
34 - State of the New England Environment. (1996). Preserving New England Natural Resources. http://www.epa.gov/region01/soe/coastal.html
35 - Environment Reporter. (1991 November 8) p. 1745-46; (1992 January 31) p. 2299.
36 - Toward Organic Security: Environmental Restoration or the Arms Race?. Peace and Environment Platform Project, c/o World Citizens Assembly, Suite 506, 312 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA 94018.
37 - Vital Signs 1998, p. 156.
38 - Courier. (1985, January). UNESCO. 7 Place de Fentenoy, 75700 Paris, France.
39 - State of the World 1999, p. 137.
40 - Vital Signs 1998, p. 156.
41 - Vital Signs 1998, p. 156, 157.
42 - Wastewater Microbiology, p. 79-80.
43 - Wastewater Microbiology, p. 261.
44 - Associated Press. (1993 April 10). Observer-Reporter. Washington and Green Counties, PA, p. A2; Carrolton, GA statistics from Wastewater Microbiology, p. 97.
45 - Goldstein, Debra. (1997). “Your drinking water: H2+O+what else?.” e-Amicus. Washington, D.C.: National Resources Defense Council, http://www.nrdc.org/eamicus/index.html; US Environmental Protection Agency. Indicator 2: Population Served by Unfiltered Surface Water Systems at Risk from Microbiological Contamination. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency.
46 - Gever, John, et al. (1986). Beyond Oil: The Threat to Food and Fuel in the Coming Decades, A Summary Report. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Co.
47 - Solley, Wayne B., et al. (1990). “Estimated Water Use in the United States in 1990.” US Geological Survey Circular 1081, Table 31. Denver, CO. United State Geological Service, p. 65.
48 - National Resources Defense Council. (1996 December 24). Population and Consumption at NRDC: US Population Scorecard. Washington, D.C.: National Resources Defense Council.
49 - The Waste of Nations, p. xxiv.
50 - Stoner, Carol (Ed.). (1977). Goodbye to the Flush Toilet. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, Inc., p. vii.
51 - 1993 Information Please Environmental Almanac, p. 340-341.
52 - Environment Reporter. (1992 April 24) p. 2877-78.
53 - State of the World 1998, p. 100.
54 - Sides, S. (1991, August/September). "Compost." Mother Earth News, Issue 127, p. 50.
55 - Environment Reporter. (1992 February 28) p. 2439.
56 - Brown, Lester R., et al. (1998). Vital Signs 1998. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., p. 44-45.
57 - Vital Signs, p. 44.
58 - Vital Signs, p. 132.
59 - Vital Signs 1998, p. 132.
60 - US Environmental Protection Agency. PA IRIS Substance File: Nitrate, CASRN 14797-55-8. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency.
61 - 1992 Earth Journal, p. 159.
62 - US Environmental Protection Agency. (1990). National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency.
63 - State of the World 1999, p. 135.
64 - State of the World 1990, p. 184.
65 - Rybczynski, Witold, et al. (1982). Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation - A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, p. 23.
66 - Cannon, Charles A. (1997 September 3-5). “Life Cycle Analysis and Sustainability Moving Beyond the Three R's -- Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle -- to P2R2 -- Preserve, Purify, Restore and Remediate.” In E.I. Stentiford (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment International Conference. Harrogate, UK, p. 252-253. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com)

REFERENCES - CHAPTER THREE - MICROHUSBANDRY
1 - Shuval, Hillel I., et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.2. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
2 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.2. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
3 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.ii. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
4 - Rodale, J. I. (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. p. 9. Rodale Books, Inc., Emmaus, PA.
5 - Sides, S. (1991). Compost. Mother Earth News. Issue 127, Aug/Sept 1991 (pp.49-53).
6 - Bem, R., (1978). Everyone’s Guide to Home Composting. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY (p.4).
7 - Haug, Roger T. (1993). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. p. 2. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
8 - Cannon, Charles A., (1997). Life Cycle Analysis and Sustainability Moving Beyond the Three R’s - Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle - to P2R2 - Preserve, Purify, Restore and Remediate. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 253. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).
9 - Howard, Sir Albert, (1943). An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press: New York.
10 - Bhamidimarri, R. (1988). Alternative Waste Treatment Systems. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers LTD., Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex, IG11 8JU, England. (p.129).
11 - Rynk, Robert, ed. (1992). On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Ph: (607) 255-7654. p. 12.
12 - Haug, Roger T. (1993). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. p. 2. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
13 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 129. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
14 - Howard, Sir Albert, (1943). An Agricultural Testament. (p.48).
15 - Ingham, Elaine (1998). Anaerobic Bacteria and Compost Tea. Biocycle, June 1998, p 86. The JG Press, Inc., 419 State Avenue, Emmaus, PA 18049.
16 - Stoner, C.H. (Ed.). (1977). Goodbye to the Flush Toilet. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA, 1977. (p.46).
17 - Rodale, J.I. et al. (Eds.). (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. Rodale Books Inc.: Emmaus, Pa (pp.646-647).
18 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes. p.39. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
19 - Mixing Browns and Greens For Backyard Success. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, January 1998. p. 20 (Regional Roundup). JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
20 - Brock, Thomas D. (1986). Thermophiles - General, Molecular, and Applied Biology. p.4. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
21 - Madigan, Michael T. et al. (1997). Brock Biology of Microorganisms, Eighth edition. Pp. 150, 167. Information about water heaters, as well as temperature ranges of bacteria.
22 - Waksman, S.A. (1952). Soil Microbiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. (p.70).
23 - Rynk, Robert, ed. (1992). On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Ph: (607) 255-7654. p. 55.
24 - Thimann, K.V. (1955). The Life of Bacteria: Their Growth, Metabolism, and Relationships. The Macmillan Co., New York. (p.177).
25 - Wade, Nicholas (1996). Universal Ancestor. The New York Times, as seen in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Monday, August 26, 1996, p. A-8.
26 - Brock, Thomas D. (1986). Thermophiles - General, Molecular, and Applied Biology. p.23. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
27 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 81. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
28 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 212. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
29 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 123. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
30 - Lynch, J.M. and Poole, N.L. (Eds.). (1979). Microbial Ecology: A Conceptual Approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. (p.238).
31 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. P. 53. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
32 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. Pp. 124, 125, 129, 133. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
33 - Ingham, Elaine (1998). Replacing Methyl Bromide with Compost. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, December 1998. p. 80. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
34 - Curry, Dr. Robin (1977). Composting of Source Separated Domestic Organic Waste by Mechanically Turned Open Air Windrowing. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 184.
35 - Applied Microbiology, December 1969.
36 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes (p.20). World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
37 - Curry, Dr. Robin (1977). Composting of Source Separated Domestic Organic Waste by Mechanically Turned Open Air Windrowing. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 183.
38 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 169. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
39 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. Pp. 121, 124, 134. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
40 - Rodale, J. I. (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. p. 702. Rodale Books, Inc., Emmaus, PA.
41 - Curry, Dr. Robin (1977). Composting of Source Separated Domestic Organic Waste by Mechanically Turned Open Air Windrowing. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 183.
42 - Brock, Thomas D. (1986). Thermophiles - General, Molecular, and Applied Biology. p.244. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
43 - Rynk, Robert, ed. (1992). On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Ph: (607) 255-7654. p. 13.
44 - Biocycle, November 1998, p.18.
45 - Rodale, J. I. (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. p. 932. Rodale Books, Inc., Emmaus, PA.
46 - Smalley, Curtis (1998). Hard Earned Lessons on Odor Management. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, January 1998. p. 59. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
47 - Brinton, William F. Jr. (date unknown). Sustainability of Modern Composting - Intensification Versus Cost and Quality. Woods End Institute, PO Box 297, Mt. Vernon, Maine 04352 USA.
48 - Brinton, William F. Jr. (date unknown). Sustainability of Modern Composting - Intensification Versus Cost and Quality. Woods End Institute, PO Box 297, Mt. Vernon, Maine 04352 USA.
49 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 170. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
50 - Researchers Study Composting in the Cold. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, January 1998. p. 24 (Regional Roundup). JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
51 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes. p.77. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
52 - Regan, Raymond W. (1998). Approaching 50 years of Compost Research. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, October 1998. p. 82. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
53 - Howard, Sir Albert (1943). An Agricultural Testament. Oxford University Press: New York. (p.44). Also see: Rodale, J.I. (1946). Pay Dirt. The Devon-Adair Co.: New York.
54 - Rodale, J.I. et al. (Eds.) (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. Rodale Books Inc.: Emmaus, PA (p.658).
55 - Regan, Raymond W. (1998). Approaching 50 years of Compost Research. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, October 1998. p. 82. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
56 - Poncavage, J. and Jesiolowski, J. (1991). Mix Up a Compost and a Lime. Organic Gardening. March 1991, Vol. 38, Issue 3. (p.18).
57 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes. p.93. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
58 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 132. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
59 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
60 - Haug, Roger T. (1993). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. p. 9. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
61 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention. EPA530-F-97-042.
62 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
63 - Cannon, Charles A., (1997). Life Cycle Analysis and Sustainability Moving Beyond the Three R’s - Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle - to P2R2 - Preserve, Purify, Restore and Remediate. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 253. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).
64 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention. EPA530-F-97-042.
65 - Logan, W.B. (1991). “Rot is Hot.” New York Times Magazine. 9/8/91, Vol. 140, Issue 4871. (p.46).
66 - Compost Fungi Used to Recover Wastepaper. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, May 1998. p. 6 (Biocycle World). JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
67 - Young, Lily Y., and Cerniglia, Carl E. (Eds.) (1995). Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals. Pp. 408, 461, and Table 12.5. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
68 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. P. 127. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
69 - Logan, W.B. (1991). “Rot is Hot.” New York Times Magazine. 9/8/91, Vol. 140, Issue 4871. (p.46).
70 - Lubke, Sigfried. (1989). Interview: All Things Considered in the Wake of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. Acres U.S.A. December 1989. (p. 20) [also contact Uta and Sigfried Lubke, A4722 Peuerbach, Untererleinsbach 1, Austria]
71 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
72 - Cannon, Charles A., (1997). Life Cycle Analysis and Sustainability Moving Beyond the Three R’s - Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle - to P2R2 - Preserve, Purify, Restore and Remediate. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 254. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).and Schonberner, Doug (1998). Reclaiming Contaminated Soils, as well as Block, Dave (1998). Composting Breaks Down Explosives. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, September 1998, 36-40.
73 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
74 - Block, Dave (1998). Degrading PCB’s Through Composting. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, December 1998. p. 45-48. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
75 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention. EPA530-F-97-042.
76 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Bioremediation and Pollution Prevention. EPA530-F-97-042.
77 - Rynk, Robert, ed. (1992). On-Farm Composting Handbook. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service. Ph: (607) 255-7654. p. 83.
78 - Hoitink, Harry A. J. et al., (1997). Suppression of Root and Foliar Diseases Induced by Composts. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. p. 95.
79 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Disease Control for Plants and Animals. EPA530-F-97-044.
80 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
81 - Logan, W.B. (1991). "Rot is Hot". New York Times Magazine. 9/8/91, Vol. 140, Issue 4871. (p.46).
82 - US EPA (1998). An Analysis of Composting as an Environmental Remediation Technology. EPA530-B-98-001, March 1998.
83 - Trankner, Andreas, and Brinton, William (date unknown). Compost Practices for Control of Grape Powdery Mildew (Uncinula necator). Woods End Institute, PO Box 297, Mt. Vernon, Maine 04352 USA.
84 - Quote from Elaine Ingham as reported in: Grobe, Karin (1998). Fine-Tuning the Soil Web. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, January 1998. p. 46. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
85 - Sides, S. (1991). Compost. Mother Earth News. Issue 127, Aug/Sept 1991 (p.50).
86 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Disease Control for Plants and Animals. EPA530-F-97-044.
87 - Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, October 1998. p. 26. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
88 - US EPA (October 1997). Innovative Uses of Compost - Disease Control for Plants and Animals. EPA530-F-97-044.
89 - Brodie, Herbert L., and Carr, Lewis E. (1997). Composting Animal Mortality. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. Pp. 155-159.
90 - McKay, Bart (1998). Com-Postal-Ing in Texas. Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, May 1998. p. 44-46. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.
91 - Garbage: the Practical Journal for the Environment. May/June 1992, p.66, Old House Journal Corp., 2 Main St., Gloucester, MA 01930.
92 - Logan, W.B. (1991). “Rot is Hot.” New York Times Magazine. 9/8/91, Vol. 140, Issue 4871.
93 - Biocycle, Journal of Composting and Recycling, November 1998. p. 18. JG Press, Inc., 419 State Ave., Emmaus, PA 18049 USA.

REFERENCES - CHAPTER FOUR - DEEP SH*T
1 - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. September/October 1998.
2 - Wilson, N.W., (1966). Three Ways of Asian Wisdom. Simon and Shuster: New York. (p.11-12).
3 - Ibid. (p.77-78).
4 - Ibid. (p.137).
5 - Ibid. (p.145).
6 - Ibid. (p.140).
7 - Lao Tsu. Tao Te Ching. Vintage Books Edition, 1972. Vintage Books (Random House): New York. (#57).
8 - Holy Bible. King James Version. The World Publishing Co.: New York. (p.9).
9 - Rodale, J. I., (1946). Paydirt, Devon-Adair Co.: NY, (p.vi).
10 - Beyond Oil: The Threat to Food and Fuel in the Coming Decades, A summary Report. November 1986. Carrying Capacity Inc., 1325 G. Street, NW, Suite 1003, Wash. D.C. 10005.
11 - King, F.H., (1911). Farmers of Forty Centuries. Rodale Press: Emmaus, PA 18049.
12 - Ibid. (p.193, 196-7).
13 - Ibid. (p.10).
14 - Ibid. (p.19).
15 - Ibid. (p.199).
16 - White, A.D. (1955). The Warfare of Science with Theology. George Braziller: New York. (pp.68,70).
17 - Ibid. (p.69).
18 - Ibid. (p.71).
19 - Ibid. (p.73).
20 - Ibid. (pp.76-77).
21 - Ibid. (p.84).
22 - Ibid. (p.85).
23 - Reyburn, Wallace (1989). Flushed with Pride - The Story of Thomas Crapper. Pavilion Books Limited, 196 Shaftesbury Avenue, London WC2H 8JL. pp. 24-25.
24 - Seaman, L.C.B. (1973). Victorian England. Methuan & Co.: London. (pp. 48-56).
25 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology forWater Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. Abstract. World Bank, Washington DC 20433, USA.
26 - Winblad, Uno, and Kilama, Wen (1985). Sanitation Without Water. Macmillan Education Ltd., London and Basingstoke. p. 12.
27 - Edmonds, Richard Louis (1994). Patterns of China’s Lost Harmony - A Survey of the Country’s Environmental Degradation and Protection. p. 9, 132, 137, 142, 146, 156. Routledge, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE and 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001.
28 - Hoitink, Harry A. J. et al., (1997). Suppression of Root and Foliar Diseases Induced by Composts. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. p. 97.
29 - Farmers of Forty Centuries. (p.198).

REFERENCES - CHAPTER FIVE - A DAY IN THE LIFE OF A TURD
1 - Manci, K. Septic Tank - Soil Absorption Systems. Agricultural Engineering Fact Sheet SW-44. Penn State College of Agriculture Cooperative Extension, University Park, PA 16802.
2 - Manci, K. Mound Systems for Wastewater Treatment. SW-43. Same as above.
3 - Stewart, John G. (1990). Drinking Water Hazards: How to Know if There Are Toxic Chemicals in Your Water and What to Do If There Are. Envirographics: Hiram, Ohio. (pp.177-178).
4 - van der Leeden, F. et al. (1990). The Water Encyclopedia. Lewis Publishers Inc.: Chelsea, Michigan, 48118. (p.526).
5 - Ibid. (p.525).
6 - Stewart, John G. (as in #3 above, same pages).
7 - Ibid.
8 - Environment Reporter. 2/28/92. The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Washington D.C., (pp. 2441-2).
9 - Gray, N.F. (1990). Activated Sludge Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press: New York. (p.125).
10 - Journal of Environmental Health. July/August 1989. “EPA Proposes New Rules for Sewage Sludge Disposal”. (P.321).
11 - Logan, W.B. (1991). "Rot is Hot." New York Times Magazine. 9/8/91 Vol. 140, Issue 4871, p.46.
12 - van der Leeden, F. et al. (1990). The Water Encyclopedia Second Edition. Lewis Publishers, 121 South Main Street, Chelsea, Michigan 48118 (p. 541).
13 - Garbage. February/March 1993. Old House Journal Corp., 2 Main St., Gloucester, MA 01930. (p.18).
14 - Pickford, John (1995). Low-Cost Sanitation - A Survey of Practical Experience. p. 96. IT Publications, 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK.
15 - US EPA (1996). Wastewater Treatment: Alternatives to Septic Systems (Guidance Document). EPA/909-K-96-001. US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9, Drinking Water Program (W-6-3). p. 16-19. and:US EPA (1987). It’s Your Choice - A Guidebook for Local Officials on Small Community Wastewater Management Options. EPA 430/9-87-006. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Municipal Pollution Control (WH-595), Municipal Facilities Division, Washington DC 20460. p.55.
16 - Manahan, S.E. (1990). Hazardous Waste Chemistry, Toxicology and Treatment. Lewis Publishers, Inc.: Chelsea, Michigan. (p.131).
17 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 120. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
18 - Ibid. (pp. 148-49).
19 - Baumann, Marty. USA Today. Feb 2, 1994, p. 1A, 4A. USA Today (Gannet Co. Inc.) 1000 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22229.
20 - "The Perils of Chlorine." Audubon Magazine, 93:30-2. Nov/Dec 1991.
21 - Liptak, B.G. (1991). Municipal Waste Disposal in the 1990’s. Chilton Book Co.: Radnor, PA. (pp.196-8).
22 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 312. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
23 - Stiak, J. "The Trouble With Chlorine." Buzzworm. Nov/Dec 1992. (p.22).
24 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 121. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
25 - Environment Reporter. 7/10/92. (p.767).
26 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 121. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
27 - Buzzworm. March/April 1993. (p.17).
28 - Environment Reporter. 7/10/92. (p.767).
29 - Ibid. 4/24/92. (p.2879).
30 - Ibid. 8/7/92. (p.1155).
31 - Burke, W.K. "A Prophet of Eden." Buzzworm. Vol. IV, Number 2, March/April 1992. (pp.18-19).
32 - Environment Reporter. 8/7/92. (P.1152).
33 - Ibid. 5/15/92. (p.319).
34 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 352. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
35 - Ibid. 3/6/92 (p. 2474) and 1/17/92 (p.2145).
36 - Ibid. 1/3/92 (p.2109).
37 - Ibid. 11/1/91 (p.1657) and 9/27/96 (p. 1212).
38 - Hammond, A. et al. (Eds.) (1993). The 1993 Information Please Environmental Almanac. Compiled by the World Resources Institute. Houghton Mifflin Co.: New York. (p.41).
39 - Purves, D. (1990). "Toxic Sludge." Nature. Vol. 346, 8/16/1990 (pp. 617-18).
40 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 352. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
41 - Rybczynski, W. et al. (1982). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. World Bank. (p. 124).
42 - Ibid. (p. 125).
43 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. P. 160. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
44 - Fahm, L.A. (1980). The Waste of Nations. Allanheld, Osmun & Co.: Montclair, NJ (p.61).
45 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.5. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA
46 - Bitton, Gabriel (1994). Wastewater Microbiology. p. 166, 352. Wiley-Liss, Inc. 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10518-0012.
47 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. P. 242, 251-2. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
48 - Radtke, T.M., and Gist, G.L. (1989). "Wastewater Sludge Disposal: Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria May Pose Health Hazard." Journal of Environmental Health. Vol 52, No.2, Sept/Oct 1989. (pp.102-5).
49 - Environment Reporter. 7/10/92. (p.770).
50 - Environment Reporter. 11/1/91. (p.1653).
51 - Ibid. 1/17/92. (p.2154).
52 - Damsker, M. (1992). "Sludge Beats Lead." Organic Gardening. Feb, 1992, Vol. 39, Issue 2, p.19.
53 - Contact JCH Environmental Engineering, Inc., 2730 Remington Court, Missoula, MT 59801-7121. Phone (406) 721-1164.
54 - Miller, T. L. et al., (1992). Selected Metal and Pesticide Content of Raw and Mature Compost Samples from Eleven Illinois Facilities. Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. and:Manios, T. and Stentiford, E.I. (1998). Heavy Metals Fractionation Before, During, and After Composting of Urban Organic Residues. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. p. 227-232.
55 - US EPA, (1989) - Summary Report: In-Vessel Composting of Municipal Wastewater Sludge. pp. 20, 161. EPA/625/8-89/016. Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, OH.
56 - Fahm. (1980). The Waste of Nations. (p.xxiv).
57 - Ibid. (p.40).
58 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. (summary). International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
59 - Rivard, C.J. et al. (1989). "Waste to Energy." Journal of Environmental Health. Vol 52, No.2, Sept/Oct 1989. (p.100).
60 - See Garbage, Oct/Nov 1992, (p.14).

REFERENCES - CHAPTER SIX - COMPOSTING TOILETS & SYSTEMS
1 - Rybczynski, W. et al. (1982). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. World Bank. Transportation and Water Department, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20433 USA.
2 - Franceys et al. (1992). A Guide to the Development of On-Site Sanitation. World Health Organization, Geneva. (p. 213).
3 - McGarry, Michael G., and Stainforth, Jill (eds.) (1978). Compost, Fertilizer, and Biogas Production from Human and Farm Wastes in the People’s Republic of China. International Development Research Center, Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada, K1G 3H9 (pages 9, 10, 29, 32).
4 - Rybczynski, W. et al. (1982). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. World Bank. Transportation and Water Department, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20433 USA. (p. 114).
5 - McGarry, Michael G., and Stainforth, Jill (eds.) (1978). Compost, Fertilizer, and Biogas Production from Human and Farm Wastes in the People’s Republic of China. International Development Research Center, Box 8500, Ottawa, Canada, K1G 3H9.
6 - Winblad, Uno, and Kilama, Wen (1985). Sanitation Without Water. Macmillan Education Ltd., London and Basingstoke. pp. 20-21.
7 - Winblad, Uno (Ed.) (1998). Ecological Sanitation. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm, Sweden. p. 25.
8 - Rybczynski, W. et al. (1982). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. World Bank. Transportation and Water Department, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20433 USA.
9 - Ibid.
10 - Clivus Multrum Maintenance Manual, Clivus Multrum, Inc., 21 Canal St., Lawrence, Mass. 01840. (Also contact Hanson Assoc., Lewis Mill, Jefferson, MD 21755).
11 - Ibid.
12 - Ibid.
13 - Source: Pickford, John (1995). Low-Cost Sanitation, Intermediate Technology Publications, 103-105 Southampton Row, London WC1B 4HH, UK. p. 68.
14 - Sun Mar Corp., 900 Hertel Ave., Buffalo, NY 14216 USA; or 5035 North Service Road, Burlington, Ontario, Canada L7L 5V2.
15 - AlasCan, Inc., 3400 International Way, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, phone/fax (907) 452-5257 [as seen in Garbage, Feb/Mar 1993, p.35].
16 - Composting Toilet Systems, PO Box 1928 (or 1211 Bergen Rd.), Newport, WA 99156, phone: (509) 447-3708; Fax: (509) 447-3753.

REFERENCES - CHAPTER SEVEN - WORMS AND DISEASE
1 - Kristof, Nicholas D. (1995). Japanese is Too Polite for Words. Pittsburgh Post Gazette, Sunday, September 24, 1995. P. B-8.
2 - Beeby, John (1995). The Tao of Pooh (now titled Future Fertility). Disclaimer, and pp. 64-65. Ecology Action of the Midpeninsula, 5798 Ridgewood Road, Willits, CA 95490-9730.
3 - Beeby, John (1995). The Tao of Pooh (now titled Future Fertility). Pp. 11-12. Ecology Action of the Midpeninsula, 5798 Ridgewood Road, Willits, CA 95490-9730.
4 - Barlow, Ronald S. (1992). The Vanishing American Outhouse. P. 2. Windmill Publishing Co., 2147 Windmill View Road, El Cajon, California 92020 USA.
5 - Warren, George M. (1922 - revised 1928). Sewage and Sewerage of Farm Homes. US Department of Agriculture, Farmer’s Bulletin No. 1227. As seen in: Barlow, Ronald S. (1992). The Vanishing American Outhouse. Pp. 107-110. Windmill Publishing Co., 2147 Windmill View Road, El Cajon, California 92020 USA.
6 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.8. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
7 - Tompkins, P., and Boyd, C. (1989). Secrets of the Soil. Harper and Row: New York. (pp.94-5).
8 - Howard, Sir Albert. The Soil and Health: A Study of Organic Agriculture. Schocken: New York. 1947. (pp. 37-38).
9 - Ibid. (p.177).
10 - Feachem, et al. (1980). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation. The World Bank, Director of Information and Public Affairs, Washington D.C. 20433.
11 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. P. 238. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
12 - Jervis, N. "Waste Not, Want Not". Natural History. May, 1990 (p.73).
13 - Winblad, Uno (Ed.) (1998). Ecological Sanitation. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm, Sweden. p. 75.
14 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. Pp. 59-60. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
15 - Palmisano, Anna C. and Barlaz, Morton A. (Eds.) (1996). Microbiology of Solid Waste. Pp. 159. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
16 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes. p.20. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
17 - Sopper, W.E. and Kardos, L.T. (Eds.). (1973). Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Through Forest and Cropland. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA (pp. 248-51).
18 - Ibid. (pp. 251-252).
19 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.4. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
20 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. P. 252. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
21 - Cheng, Thomas C. (1973). General Parasitology. Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003 (p. 645).
22 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.6. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
23 - Feachem et al. (1980). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation: Health Aspects of Excreta and Sullage Management. Energy, Water and Telecommunications Department of the World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington D.C. 20433. This comprehensive work cites 394 references from throughout the world, and was carried out as part of the World Bank’s research project on appropriate technology for water supply and sanitation.
24 - Ibid.
25 - Olson, O. W. (1974). Animal Parasites - Their Life Cycles and Ecology. University Park Press, Baltimore, MD (p. 451-452).
26 - Crook, James (1985). "Water Reuse in California." Journal of the American Waterworks Association. v77, no. 7. as seen in The Water Encyclopedia by van der Leeden et al. (1990), Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Mich. 48118.
27 - Boyd, R. F. and Hoerl, B. G. (1977). Basic Medical Microbiology. Little, Brown and Co., Boston Mass. (p. 494).
28 - Cheng, Thomas C. (1973) General Parasitology. Academic Press Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003. (p. 645).
29 - Sterritt, Robert M. (1988). Microbiology for Environmental and Public Health Engineers. Pp. 244-245. E. & F. N. Spon Ltd., New York, NY 10001 USA.
30 - Epstein, Elliot (1998). “Pathogenic Health Aspects of Land Application.” Biocycle, September 1998, p.64. The JG Press, Inc., 419 State Avenue, Emmaus, PA 18049.
31 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.5. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
32 - Franceys, R. et al. (1992). A Guide to the Development of On-Site Sanitation. World Health Organization, Geneva. p. 212.
33 - Schoenfeld, M., and Bennett, M. (1992). Water Quality Analysis of Wolf Creek. (Unpublished manuscript). Slippery Rock University, Applied Ecology Course, PREE, Fall Semester. (Prof. P. Johnson), Slippery Rock, PA 16057
34 - Pomeranz, V.E. and Schultz, D., (1972). The Mother’s and Father’s Medical Encyclopedia. The New American Library, Inc., 1633 Broadway, New York, NY 10019. (p.627).
35- Chandler, A.C. and Read, C.P. (1961). Introduction to Parasitology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.: New York.
36 - Brown, H.W. and Neva, F.A. (1983). Basic Clinical Parasitology. Appleton-Century-Crofts/Norwalk, Connecticut 06855. (pp.128-31). Pinworm destruction by composting mentioned in: Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes . p.20. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.
37 - Brown, H.W. and Neva, F.A. (1983). Basic Clinical Parasitology. Appleton-Century-Crofts/Norwalk, Connecticut 06855. (pp.119-126).
38 - Ibid.
39 - Ibid.
40 - Haug, Roger T. (1993). The Practical Handbook of Compost Engineering. p. 141. CRC Press, Inc., 2000 Corporate Blvd. N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA.
41 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.4. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.
42 - Franceys, R. et al. (1992). A Guide to the Development of On-Site Sanitation. World Health Organization, Geneva. p. 214.
43 - Shuval, Hillel I. et al. (1981). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Night Soil Composting. p.7. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), Washington DC, 20433, USA.

REFERENCES - CHAPTER EIGHT - THE TAO OF COMPOST
1 - LaMotte Chemical Products Co., Chestertown, MD 21620
2 - Rodale, J. I., (1960). The Complete Book of Composting. P. 650, Rodale Books, Emmaus, PA.
3 - Kitto, Dick. (1988). Composting: The Organic Natural Way. Thorsons Publishers Ltd.: Wellingborough, England. (p. 103).
4 - World of Composting Toilets Forum Update No. 3, Monday, November 2, 1998. Reply to: earthwise@earthwise.nwnet.co.uk.
5 - Del Porto, David, and Steinfeld, Carol (1999). The Composting Toilet System Book - editor’s draft. Center for Ecological Pollution Prevention, PO Box 1330, Concord, MA 01742-1330.
6 - Olexa, M. T. and Trudeau, Rebecca L., (1994). How is the Use of Compost Regulated? University of Florida, Forida Cooperative Extension Service, Document No. SS-FRE-19, September 1994.
7 - Pennsylvania Solid Waste Management Act, Title 35, Chapter 29A.
8 - Pennsylvania Municipal Waste Planning, Recycling and Waste Reduction Act (1988), Title 53, Chapter 17A.
9 - King, F.H. (1911). Farmers of Forty Centuries. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA 18049. (pp.78, 202).

REFERENCES - CHAPTER NINE - ALTERNATIVE GREY WATER SYSTEMS
1 - Waterless Toilets as Repair for Failed Septic Tank Systems. Bio-Sun Systems, Inc., RR #2, Box 134A, Millerton, PA 16936. Ph: 717-537-2200. Email: Bio-sun@ix.netcom.com
2 - US EPA (1992). Wastewater Treatment/Disposal for Small Communities. P. 42. EPA/625/R-92/005. US EPA Office of Research and Development, Office of Water, Washington DC 20460 USA.
3 - Bennett, Dick (1995). Graywater, An Option for Household Water Reuse. Home Energy Magazine, July/August, 1995.
4 - Gerba, Charles P. et al. (1995). Water Quality Study of Graywater Treatment Systems. Water Resources Bulletin, February, 1995, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 109. American Water Resources Association.
5 - Rose, Joan B. et al. (1991). Microbial Quality and Persistence of Enteric Pathogens in Graywater from Various Household Sources. Water Resources, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 37-42, 1991.
6 - Karpiscak, Martin M. et al. (1990). Residential Water Conservation: Casa del Agua. Water Resources Bulletin, December 1990, p. 945-946. American Water Resources Association.
7 - Gerba, Charles P. et al. (1995). Water Quality Study of Graywater Treatment Systems. Water Resources Bulletin, February, 1995, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 109. American Water Resources Association.
8 - Karpiscak, Martin M. et al. (1990). Residential Water Conservation: Casa del Agua. Water Resources Bulletin, December 1990, p. 940. American Water Resources Association.
9 - Rose, Joan B. et al. (1991). Microbial Quality and Persistence of Enteric Pathogens in Graywater from Various Household Sources. Water Resources, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 40, 1991.
10 - Karpiscak, Martin M. et al. (1990). Residential Water Conservation: Casa del Agua. Water Resources Bulletin, December 1990, p. 940. American Water Resources Association.
11 - Ludwig, Art (1994). Create an Oasis with Greywater. Oasis Design, 5 San Marcos Trout Club, Santa Barbara, CA 93105-9726. Phone: 805-967-9956.
12 - Bennett, Dick (1995). Graywater, An Option for Household Water Reuse. Home Energy Magazine, July/August, 1995.
13 - Rose, Joan B. et al. (1991). Microbial Quality and Persistence of Enteric Pathogens in Graywater from Various Household Sources. Water Resources, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 40, 1991.
14 - Rose, Joan B. et al. (1991). Microbial Quality and Persistence of Enteric Pathogens in Graywater from Various Household Sources. Water Resources, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 37-38, 1991.
15 - Rose, Joan B. et al. (1991). Microbial Quality and Persistence of Enteric Pathogens in Graywater from Various Household Sources. Water Resources, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 39, 41, 1991.
16 - Bastian, Robert K. (date unknown). Needs and Problems in Sewage Treatment and Effluent Disposal Facing Small Communities; The Role of Wetland Treatment Alternatives. US EPA, Office of Municipal Pollution Control, Washington DC 20460.
17 - Hoang, Tawni et al. (1998). Greenhouse Wastewater Treatment with Constructed Wetlands. Greenhouse Product News, August 1998, p.33.
18 - Golueke, Clarence G. (1977). Using Plants for Wastewater Treatment. Compost Science, September/October 1977, p. 18.
19 - Berghage, R.D. et al. (date unknown). “Green” Water Treatment for the Green Industries: Opportunities for Biofiltration of Greenhouse and Nursery Irrigation Water and Runoff with Constructed Wetlands. and: Gupta, G.C. (1980). Use of Water Hyacinths in Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Environmental Health. 43(2):80-82. and:Joseph, J. (1978). Hyacinths for Wastewater Treatment. Reeves Journal. 56(2):34-36.
20 - Hillman, W.S. and Culley, D.D. Jr. (1978). The Uses of Duckweed. American Scientist, 66:442-451
21 - Pries, John (date unknown, but 1996 or later). Constructed Treatment Wetland Systems in Canada. Gore and Storrie Ltd., Suite 600, 180 King St. S., Waterloo, Ontario, N2J 1P8. Ph: 519-579-3500.
22 - Golueke, Clarence G. (1977). Using Plants for Wastewater Treatment. Compost Science, September/October 1977, p. 18.
23 - Golueke, Clarence G. (1977). Using Plants for Wastewater Treatment. Compost Science, September/October 1977, p. 17.
24 - For more information, contact Carl Lindstrom at: http://www.greywater.com/

REFERENCES - CHAPTER TEN - THE END IS NEAR
1 - Rybczynski, W. et. al. (1982). Appropriate Technology for Water Supply and Sanitation - Low Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, A State of the Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. World Bank, Geneva. (p. 20).
2 - Kugler, R. et al. (1998). Technological Quality Guarantees for H.Q. Compost from Bio-Waste. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. P. 31. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).
3 - Vorkamp, Katrin et al. (1998). Multiresidue Analysis of Pesticides and their Metabolites in Biological Waste. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. p. 221. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).
4 - Wheeler, Pat (1998). Results of the Environment Agency Research Programme into Composting of Green and Household Wastes. As seen in the 1997 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment Proceedings, Stentiford, E.I. (ed.). International Conference, Harrogate, United Kingdom. 3-5 September, 1997. p. 77. Available from Stuart Brown, National Compost Development Association, PO Box 4, Grassington, North Yorkshire, BD23 5UR UK (stuartbrown@compuserve.com).
5 - Johnson, Julie. (1990). "Waste That No One Wants.” New Scientist. 9/8/90, Vol. 127, Issue 1733. (p.50).
6 - Benedict, Arthur H. et. al. (1988). "Composting Municipal Sludge: A Technology Evaluation.” Appendix A. Noyes Data Corporation.
7 - Biocycle, January 1998, p. 71.
8 - Johnson, Julie. (1990). Waste That No One Wants. (p. 53) see above.
9 - Simon, Ruth. (1990). The Whole Earth Compost Pile? Forbes. 5/28/90, Vol. 145, Issue 11. p. 136.
10 - Gotaas, Harold B., (1956). Composting - Sanitary Disposal and Reclamation of Organic Wastes. p.101. World Health Organization, Monograph Series Number 31. Geneva.

Source: The Humanure Handbook. Jenkins Publishing, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127. To order, phone: 1-800-639-4099.
http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/

» Reconstruction » Recovery » Humanure Content

Humanure Glossary

» Reconstruction » Recovery » Humanure Content

Humanure Glossary:

actinomycete: Bacteria resembling fungi because they usually produce a characteristic, branched mycelium.
activated sludge: Sewage sludge that is treated by forcing air through it in order to activate the beneficial microbial populations resident in the sludge.
aerobic: Able to live, grow, or take place only where free oxygen is present, such as aerobic bacteria.
algae: Small aquatic plants.
ambient air temperature: The temperature of the surrounding air, such as the outdoor air temperature in the vicinity of a compost pile.
amendment: See “bulking agent.”
anaerobic: Able to live and grow where there is no oxygen.
Ascaris: A genus of roundworm parasitic to humans.
Aspergillus fumigatus: A spore-forming fungus that can cause allergic reactions in some people.
bacteria: One-celled microscopic organisms. Some are capable of causing disease in humans, others are capable of elevating the temperature of a pile of decomposing refuse sufficiently to destroy human pathogens.
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen used when organic matter undergoes decomposition by microorganisms.Testing for BOD is done to assess the amount of organic matter in water.
blackwater: Wastewater from a toilet.
bulking agent: An ingredient in compost, such as sawdust or straw, used to improve the structure, porosity, liquid absorption, odor, and carbon content. The terms “bulking agent” and “amendment” are often interchangeable.
carbonaceous: Consisting of or containing carbon.
carbon dioxide (CO2): An inorganic gas composed of carbon and oxygen produced during composting.
cellulose: The principal component of cell walls of plants, composed of a long chain of tightly bound sugar molecules.
C/N ratio: The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in an organic material.
combined sewers: Sewers that collect both sewage and rain water runoff.
compost: A mixture of decomposing vegetable refuse, manure, etc., for fertilizing and conditioning soil.
continuous composting: A system of composting in which organic refuse material is continuously or daily added to the compost bin or pit.
cryptosporidia: A pathogenic protozoa which causes diarrhea in humans.
curing: Final stage of composting. Also called aging, or maturing.
effluent: Wastewater flowing from a source.
enteric: Intestinal
evapotranspiration: The transfer of water from the soil into the atmosphere both by evaporation and by transpiration of the plants growing on the soil.
fecal coliforms: Generally harmless bacteria that are commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, used as an indicator of fecal contamination.
fecophobia: Fear of fecal material, especially in regard to the use of human fecal material for agricultural purposes.
fungi: Simple plants, often microscopic, that lack photosynthetic pigment.
graywater: Household drain water from sinks, tubs, and washing (not from toilets).
green manure: Vegetation grown to be used as fertilizer for the soil, either by direct application of the vegetation to the soil, by composting it before soil application, or by the leguminous fixing of nitrogen in the root nodules of the vegetation.
heavy metal: Metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, etc., having more than five times the weight of water. When concentrated in the environment, can pose a significant health risk to humans.
helminth: A worm or worm-like animal, especially parasitic worms of the human digestive system, such as the roundworm or hookworm.
human nutrient cycle: The endlessly repeating cyclical movement of nutrients from soil to plants and animals, to humans, and back to soil.
humanure: Human feces and urine used for agriculture purposes.
humus: A dark, loamy, organic material resulting from the decay of plant and animal refuse.
hygiene: Sanitary practices, cleanliness.
indicator pathogen: A pathogen whose occurrence serves as evidence that certain environmental conditions, such as pollution, exist.
K: Chemical symbol for potassium.
latrine: A toilet, often for the use of a large number of people.
leachate: Any liquid draining from a source. Pertaining to compost, it is the liquid that drains from organic material, especially when rain water comes in contact with the compost.
lignin: A substance that forms the woody cell walls of plants and the “cement” between them. Lignin is found together with cellulose and is resistant to biological decomposition.
macroorganism: An organism which, unlike a microorganism, can be seen by the naked eye, such as an earthworm.
mesophile: Microorganisms which thrive at medium temperatures (20-370C or 68-990F).
metric tonne: A measure of weight equal to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.62 pounds.
microhusbandry: The cultivation of microscopic organisms for the purpose of benefiting humanity, such as in the production of fermented foods, or in the decomposition of organic refuse materials.
microorganism: An organism that needs to be magnified in order to be seen by the human eye.
moulder (also molder): To slowly decay, generally at temperatures below that of the human body.
mulch: Organic material, such as leaves or straw, spread on the ground around plants to hold in moisture, smother weeds, and feed the soil.
municipal solid waste (MSW): Solid waste originating from homes, industries, businesses, demolition, land clearing, and construction.
mycelium: Fungus filaments or hyphae.
N: Chemical symbol for nitrogen.
naturalchemy: The transformation of seemingly valueless materials into materials of high value using only natural processes, such as the conversion of humanure into humus by means of microbial activity.
night soil: Human excrement used raw as a soil fertilizer.
nitrates: A salt or ester of nitric acid, such as potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, both used as fertilizers, and which show up in water supplies as pollution.
organic: Referring to a material from an animal or vegetable source, such as refuse in the form of manure or food scraps; also a form of agriculture which employs fertilizers and soil conditioners that are primarily derived from animal or vegetable sources as opposed to mineral or petrochemical sources.
P: Chemical symbol for phosphorous.
pathogen: A disease-causing microorganism.
PCB: Polychlorinated biphenyl, a persistent and pervasive environmental contaminant.
peat moss: Organic matter that is under-decomposed or slightly decomposed originating under conditions of excessive moisture such as in a bog.
pH: A symbol for the degree of acidity or alkalinity in a solution, ranging in value from 1 to 14. Below 7 is acidic, above 7 is alkaline, 7 is neutral.
phytotoxic: Toxic to plants.
pit latrine: A hole or pit into which human excrement is deposited. Known as an outhouse or privy when sheltered by a small building.
protozoa: Tiny, mostly microscopic animals each consisting of a single cell or a group of more or less identical cells, and living primarily in water. Some are human pathogens.
psychrophile: Microorganism which thrives at low temperatures [as low as -10oC (14oF), but optimally above 20oC (68oF)].
schistosome: Any genus of flukes that live as parasites in the blood vessels of mammals, including humans.
septage: The organic material pumped from septic tanks.
septic: Causing or resulting from putrefaction (foul-smelling decomposition).
shigella: Rod-shaped bacteria, certain species of which cause dysentery.
sludge: The heavy sediment in a sewage or septic tank.
source separation: The separation of discarded material by specific material type at the point of generation.
sustainable: Able to be continued indefinitely without a significant negative impact on the environment or its inhabitants.
thermophilic: Characterized by having an affinity for high temperatures (above 40.50C or 1050F), or for being able to generate high temperatures.
tipping fee: The fee charged to dispose of refuse material.
vector: A route of transmission of pathogens from a source to a victim. Vectors can be insects, birds, dogs, rodents, or vermin.
vermicomposting: The conversion of organic material into worm castings by earthworms.
vermin: Objectionable pests, usually of a small size, such as flies, mice, and rats, etc..
virus: Any group of submicroscopic pathogens which multiply only in connection with living cells.
waste: A substance or material with no inherent value or usefulness, or a substance or material discarded despite its inherent value or usefulness.
wastewater: Water discarded as waste, often polluted with human excrements or other human pollutants, and discharged into any of various wastewater treatment systems, if not directly into the environment.
Western: Of or pertaining to the Western hemisphere (which includes North and South America and Europe) or its human inhabitants.
windrow: A long, low, narrow pile, such as of compost.
worm castings: Earthworm excrement. Worm castings appear dark and granular like soil, and are rich in soil nutrients.
yard material: Leaves, grass clippings, garden materials, hedge clippings, and brush.

Source: The Humanure Handbook. Jenkins Publishing, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127. To order, phone: 1-800-639-4099.
http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/

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The Humanure Handbook New

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The Humanure Handbook

Front Cover - Back Cover

Copyright 1999, Joseph C. Jenkins
The following information may be reproduced subject to the following three conditions:
1) The information must not be changed or altered
2) The following information must accompany all copies:
Source: The Humanure Handbook. Jenkins Publishing, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127. To order, phone: 1-800-639-4099. http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/
3) The reproduction is not done for profit. Persons wanting to use excerpts or artwork from this book for a profit venture must contact the publisher for permission.

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Reader Feedback on the First Edition of the Humanure Handbook

» Reconstruction » Recovery » Humanure Content

Pot Luck Literary Appetizers

Reader Feedback from the First Edition

The first edition of this book was self-published on a meager budget and was expected, by the author, to require a total lifetime print run of about 250 copies. It was assumed that there was little, if any, interest in the topic of composting human manure, but the degree and nature of feedback that resulted from this unlikely book was surprising. The first edition of Humanure eventually amounted to over 10,000 copies in circulation. Excerpts from a sampling of the letters sent to the author are presented below. Some of the writers offer insight about their own composting experiences, which you, the reader, may find useful or interesting. At the very least, the following testimonials are inspiring, and they indicate that more than a few people care about our planet, and how we live on it.

“Thank you so much for your book. I believe that it is one of the most important books ever written. (I also enjoyed your web site very much.) I finished reading your book less than a month ago and have already participated in building two compost bins and am currently in the process of building the toilets to go with them.” S.U. in ME
“The potential of the ideas in Humanure is so great in problems such as hollow food, landfill capacities, population densities . . . that I feel rather evangelical about the book and hope that others will also.” R.S. in OH
“If this short sentence, ‘We are defecating in our drinking water,’ was put in front of our eyes frequently enough, more and more people would realize that this absurd behavior can’t go on much longer.” S.A. at BioLet International “You have done the world a great service, and I thank you from the bottom of my (heart)!!” B.F. in NV
“I’m so glad you wrote this book - one lady told us it should be required reading for everyone on the planet!” D.W. in PA
“My husband and I own a small sawmill with plenty of leftover sawdust needing to be put to use. Also, my 74-year old father thinks human waste should not be used in a garden, and I want to prove him wrong.” A.M. in WA
“Your book is pure gold, just what I needed to give to my County Health Department head who is willing to go along with my desire for alternative systems.” M.T.
“Your discovery of the proper small scale of the operation is world-shaking, together with the exemplary continuous-by-small-increments rate of production.” F.A. in DE
“I enjoyed your book immensely. It clarified several technical and practical points. My mother is appalled that we would put one of ‘those things’ in the new house we’re building, certain it can’t be legal. Now that you’ve put the point in print we’ve been reduced from lawbreakers to just crazy. Pleasing me and irritating my mother, you score big in my two favorite categories.” K.L.
“This wonderful book fits right into my COMPOST=REDEMPTION religious philosophy. You have answered questions I have held open since childhood.” R. in MA
“May I join the chorus, too? The most exciting book I’ve read in a long, long time is yours. What a gem! Fun! A bumper sticker ad for the book should read, ‘The Humanure Handbook Proves It: People Are Smarter than Shit!’ Some people, anyway. ‘Fecophobia’: A new word for me and one that speaks volumes. As E.O. Wilson discovered ‘biophilia,’ so there is such a thing in humans as ‘biophobia,’ and you’ve discovered and named very appropriately one of its roots: fecophobia. It’s a real problem, and its solution, I think, is biophilia, fecophilia. Your discovery of appropriate shit technology, including an appropriate ‘throne,’ makes the billions we spend so we can shit in drinking water appear finally and totally absurd.” V.L. in FL
“I should have written this letter sooner. I would like to say that it is relatively rare to read a book of the calibre of the Humanure Handbook. A book that is enjoyable to read, empowering, hilarious, and has eye-candy pictures throughout. It’s an unbeatable combination.” J.D. in CA
“My budget is limited, so I don’t buy many books. This one, however, I really had to have for my personal library. I borrowed your book via interlibrary loan and have already read it twice, but I wanted one to keep! Please send the Humanure Handbook!” L.M.
“I really celebrate your book and your willingness to step forward and break the crystallizations of fear around composting human manure. I know for a fact I would not be taking the steps toward taking responsibility for managing the feces and urine within our community without this book.” L.F.
“After having finished your book, the Humanure Handbook, I’m more convinced than ever that those in charge of our society have no idea what the hell they’re doing.” J.R. in ME
“I knew nothing about this topic and by chance I purchased your book. Before reading I felt a little reluctance. However, once I started reading, I couldn’t stop. As English is not my mother language, it took a lot of time (all the words I didn’t understand I looked up in my dictionary). You are doing a great service to humanity by having the courage to publish your book. It is said that example is the best teacher.” B.E. in Belgium
“Your book proved to be not only entertaining but also an invaluable source of information and reference. Thank you! At the hostel, your book has made it to the ‘shelf of recommended literature.’ On this shelf we display books we recommend our guests to read. Your book is placed between Thoreau’s Walden and The Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening.” J.N. in GA
“I just wanted to thank you for your valuable research you have done on the sawdust toilets. I enjoyed your book very much and have loaned it to many friends who seemed too embarrassed (or cheap) to buy it themselves. There must be quite a few readers of your book out there because I am seeing quite a few sawdust toilet and human manure discussions going on in the various straw bale and homesteaders news groups.” D.K. in IL
“I’m just reading the Humanure Handbook and kicking myself for a fool! I’ve been composting for a long time. I’ve been buying everything I can on composting — old and new — especially on composting toilets and have been banging on about it for years, but have never managed (apart from the mouldering Clivus) to use one. Now the solution is so simple I shall simply remove our existing W.C. under the stairs and replace it with a sawdust toilet and everything else is in place! At the moment, I’ve been saving all my urine, which I add to the woodchip piles and that steams along merrily enough. Thanks for your book and providing the missing link! Yours steamingly,” N.S. in UK
“My wife and I found a copy of your Humanure book last year, and have been living well with a sawdust toilet since then. (A blessing, after having spent gobs of time and money putting together a 150 gallon fly-breeding solar toilet — nothing like feeling little crawlies on your bum!)” P.U. in NM
“One thing you’ll get a perplexing kick out of regarding Humanure and Papua New Guinea is a problem. Shit is part of you, goes local tradition. There it is, wasn’t there before, dropped out of you. Therefore, it is you. Now with witchcraft being a major player here, all one has to do is pick up some of your shit and do nasty things with it (incantations or who knows what) and voila! you’re done for. When I asked one very devout Seventh Day Adventist lady how her father died, she said, ‘The traditional way. Someone didn’t like him and made magic against him.’ Joe, I don’t think Humanure stands a ghost of a chance here, although I’ve mentioned it several times to the living. Go figure on this one.” D.B. in New Guinea
“I am working as a development advisor to the Minister for Agriculture and Livestock here in Papua New Guinea, and [am] working on ways of encouraging people to shifting agriculture practices to site stable agriculture, which will require the input of more organic material as Papua New Guineans generally have insufficient finance to purchase chemical inputs. Some time ago I purchased . . . a copy of the Humanure Handbook, and I found it quite fascinating. Thanks for the information you put together in the Humanure Handbook.” P.H. in Papua New Guinea
“I’m wracking my brain, trying to find a compelling way to tell you how great I think your book is. Here are some stabs: By the time I got to page 61, I had a mud bucket and a bag of sawdust set up in my bathroom.” K.W. in WI
“Just finished reading your book, and I’m glad. Seeing Mr. Turdly dancing around the compost pile wasn’t my ideal dream. Overall, I think your simple, low-cost and safe thermophilic system is a fantastic solution I’ve been looking for. I’ve been composting and using my own waste the past 20 years. Most of my friends think it odd. I counter that not even barbarians piss and shit in their drinking water.” E.S. in WA
“Please send me two copies of your beautiful book. I live and work at an International Youth Hostel . . . and we’re using your sawdust toilets.” B.S. in GA
“For 22 years, I have used scarab beetle larvae . . . they eat my shit in 5 minutes flat.” C.M. in SC
“I really appreciate the fact that someone finally did their research and put it together in a pleasant, readable form. I have felt strongly about our absence in the food nutrient cycle for a long time, but lack the talent of articulation that you have shown. We have been recycling our humanure since 1979.” S.C. in WI
“Great book! Thanks so much for writing it! I had to call my dear heart long distance immediately to read her what may be the most hopeful environmental news I’ve heard in my 35 years, that something can transmute horrible toxins. Why aren’t all the environmentalists raving about this and demanding major research on the applications?” C. in VT
“Your recently published book, the Humanure Handbook, is one of the most serious and humourous, well-researched yet humble, and motivating works I have read in a while. My personal research for some time now has focused on how to maintain soil fertility with minimal or no reliance on synthetic fertilizers. While I have focused on soil attributes that provide native fertility, I have known all along that a chunk of the cycle was absent. If you could claim credit for engineering the thermophilic decomposers, you would probably win the Nobel Peace Prize.” T.C. in AZ
“From the squatting position, I request a copy of the Humanure Handbook.” E.P. in RI
“I already knew that composting human waste made sense, and I had been looking for more practical information. Your book was exactly the information I was looking for, and it inspired me to put the ideas into action.” B.C. in NYC, NY
“Thank you for putting the time, energy, [and] money into creating this unique, needed book. Your wit, wisdom, factual references and above all, your personal experience, make it a great and encouraging work.” C.L. in NY
“Thank you for providing the information on dealing with shit in a responsible manner. As you know, the simple logic and responsible actions outlined in your book are rare in our society.” J. in AK
“I recently read and thoroughly enjoyed your Humanure Handbook. I am an engineer who currently designs services, including sewers, for new developments. In recent years, however, I have become convinced that the way we deal with humanure, as you call it, is not far short of ridiculous. So, I have begun to educate myself about alternative ways of treatment and reuse.” D.C. in Canada
“Thank you for your wonderful book about an environmental threat most people are unwilling to discuss, yet contribute to daily.” P.K. in NH
“I have taken three dumps since finishing the Humanure Handbook, and all of them have been in plastic buckets and have been covered with sawdust.” M.W. in WA
“You’re right, it is the shittiest book I’ve ever read — but it’s great! Have been a composter for a long time, but you showed me some new tricks.” R.H. in WY
“I want to thank you all so much for the ‘pioneering’ work you have done with humanure and writing the Humanure Handbook . . . with the information you have provided I can complete the cycle.” R.B. in FL
“I . . . spied an ad for your book, the Humanure Handbook . . . up until that point, it had only been a dream to somehow use my waste for fueling something that is necessary for my way of life. Now I have hope for a better future for myself, my family, and for the generations that will live on in this world after me.” O.M. in CA
“A little over a year ago . . . I was in Guatemala . . . when I came upon a certain Humanure Handbook being carried around. I only had access to the book for less than one day, but . . . I devoured it, became a proselytizing devotee of the composting method and thermophilic bacteria and I am forever grateful to you for your amazingly thorough research and easily readable and digestible book.” R.T. in CT
“Thank you for putting out such an important book . . . it feels good to know that there are fellow humans out there that realize that there is a way, a healthy way, to our actions that is good for all.” D.D. in Canada
“Really enjoyed your book! As a public health person and 25 years as an organic gardener, the content was great.” J.P.
“I am stupefied after reading your turdly book! What a masterpiece of modern literature. A real wake-up call for human types. In the future, I intend to follow all of your sensible suggestions and have a sawdust toilet.” W.K. in AZ
“Your book was extremely well-written and answered all the questions I had been having for several years. I knew that somehow there was some missing info about what to do with all the ‘do-do’.” R.L. in FL
“I just picked up the Humanure Handbook. It is full of humor, pluck, good advice and spirit. Someone I know locally has been championing your system for the past year. I’ll have to try it myself.” M.Z. in CA
“I’m almost done reading your book. Terrific. It definitely goes on a shelf next to How to Keep Your Volkswagon Alive and a few other ‘anybody-can-do-this’ type treasures. You’ve got me convinced. I’m partway through building a new house, and I’ve penciled in where the bucket will go.” D.B. in MN
“For many years, I have wondered why we can use cow and horse and pig manure for our gardens, but not human manure. I showed this article to my father who was raised on a farm and he almost gagged. He couldn’t even finish reading the article. I guess you’d call him a fecophobiac. Could you mail the handbook in a wrapper that has no mention of ‘humanure’? I live with my parents.” M.C. in CO (future composter)
“I recently purchased your Humanure Handbook. It is fabulous. I want to give it to EVERYONE. Please send me four more.” L.F. in CA
“I have just finished your book . . . and I’m still wiping the tears off my face from laughing so hard. I never thought a book about human excretion could be so humorous, as well as very informative!” A.R. in OH
“I heard so many good things about the book while in the United States for summer holiday . . . that I combed all the bookstores for a copy of it. I am happy to report I have suffered no buyer’s remorse since the purchase. The book is extremely moving, in all sorts of ways. When I leave the urban desert, I plan to practice what you preach in the book. Even more exciting is the prospect that your book has darn near sold my wife on the idea, too. When she sees the system you describe in action, I know she’ll make the final step onto the bandwagon.” D.G. in Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates)
“We had been looking for some info about safely composting our do-do for some time. Your book was a blessing and please know that it was an easy, fun read. Got the toilet installed day before yesterday and built a bin yesterday. Thank you for all of your hard work in doing the research and letting us all know that we are not alone in our way of living a more civilized way than the present barbaric generation we find ourselves among. What you have given us is the info we have been seeking, which empowers us to make an almost perfect circle with our resources.” R.L. in FL
“Two things you might be interested in: a more natural way to eliminate is in the squatting position (supports the colon and all that shit). Maybe you might show (or offer the thought to future readers) of raising the knees higher — a step (simple block of wood, or big rock might be one solution). Also, more (food?) for thought. Urine is not a waste product. It is from the blood in our body. The excess nutrients and minerals that the body does not need at that moment has been filtered out (how marvelous). Taking urine internally has been going on for some time (1000s of years) and by many is considered a wonderful medicine. (Reading: ‘Your Own Perfect Medicine’) I take my first urine daily. Also, urine is used today in Murine’s Ear Wax Removal, hand creams and other [products]. Now is that full of crap . . . or is it?” W.E. in OH
“Your book saved my butt at a town council meeting yesterday. Thank you for writing it.” D.W. in CO
“With raised beds and numerous compost piles, it was only natural to be loaned a copy of the Humanure Handbook (carefully handed to me in a plain brown paper bag at church last spring). Great research, clear writing and terrific humor! I really should return that copy, so please send me one.” L.U. in WV
“For over 40 years we have lived a more ‘natural’ way of life. Now the ‘Authorities’ are making it known we must conform to more (according to their beliefs) appropriate ways. He is 88 and I’m 77 — we need this help now! Please send us a copy of the Humanure Handbook.” E.P. in NH
“As parasites attached to the Earth, it would seem that the only conscious thing we do that isn’t killing the host, is manuring in the woods, fields or [in] a composting toilet.” D.G. in MN
“In the past month I’ve made two humanure converts, both single women (living separately), both organic gardeners, both professional cooks. The biggest lure for them was the quality of my garden, and the opportunity to avoid purchasing fertilizer and soil amendments. Now they’re hooked, preaching to their friends. Could be the start of a Big Movement.” L.W. in WA
“I have just finished your book, which I found in somebody’s house near Plettenberg Bay in South Africa. It took me four hours, cover to cover, and it’s 3 a.m.” A. M-J. in South Africa
“I just got your Humanure book and want more! We are trying to educate the Commissioners and public regarding doing the right thing and your book is timely!” T.P. in NJ
“Could you send me a copy all the way to Guatemala? Communities are ready to start a composting toilet project . . . send it as soon as you can.” T.B. in Guatemala
“I liked your book. Putting back nutrients after taking them away makes sense as well as the image of dropping a turd in a five gallon toilet filled with pure drinking water seems crazy.” T.O. in NH
“I work in a number of ways with state agencies that ‘regulate’ compost and land applications of biosolids. I will read your book with an eye toward putting copies in numerous hands — from bureaucrats to legislators to environmentalists — and more.” D.R. in TX
“We are just beginning on the adventure of ‘recycling’ all of our human waste, including manure. And there is so little written that is available — I’m really glad that you took the time to write about your experience.” D.P. in CA
“We’re a couple of kids (late 60s-early 70s) pursuing composting. It’s the only sensible and logical way to go.” C. K-L. in OR
“I found your book entertaining, informative, and a great motivating force compelling us to start recycling our ‘humanure’ immediately. Having grown up with outhouses . . . I always thought there had to be a better way.” B.W. in TX
“I’m the graduate student you just sent a copy of your handbook to. The book and resource list have both been just what I needed. I’m trying to get my parents thinking about composting their ‘reusable’ body materials (they already compost kitchen scraps, as I do). They are in the country with a very shallow well. They are already short of water and their troughs used to catch rain are dry. Dad is a Parasitologist, so you know he’ll want to make sure the stuff heats up right. I would like to buy them one of your books. That’ll make a good birthday present for Pops.” S.M.
“We have a cabin in the mountains of North Central Washington that is off the grid, off the road and off just about everything. My wife and I spent Thanksgiving there and at this time of the year the outhouse is very uncomfortable. I believe your book will allow us to move it to more comfortable quarters.” L.V. in WA
“I’ve spent my whole life recycling, reducing and reusing everything but my own shit and I [am] ecstatically grateful to have your directions reach my lap.” W.
“Thank you for your work in the Humanure Handbook. Your ideas have been a real encouragement to me to give composting a try in my sustainable home project. I was impressed by your research, the depth and scope of your study.” J.D.
“The reason I’m writing is because I believe worm-egg phobia is overblown. I’ve been a pig farmer for decades, had probably literally tons of pig manure dumped on me over the years, have had pig manure get inside open bleeding wounds, have had it ‘splash’ into my mouth, and I can say that I’ve never gotten ill from it nor have I had any intestinal problems except when I got my divorce (ulcer). But I can say quite accurately that I’ve gotten ill a few times from eating in restaurants. I ask you, which is more dangerous, restaurant food or hog manure?” R.T. in WI
“Our son’s Pa . . . was the one who tracked down your book . . . got our head librarian to order one for the Islands library and then created his own techniques. He feeds his bucket to several worm bins. They keep up with it . . . and it smells just fine. He also lines his bucket with a brown paper bag. It keeps clean-up easier — and is a great use for a bag that’s had several uses but isn’t fire starter yet. He found an antique porcelain receptacle with a toilet seat half buried in a vacant lot next to us and gifted me with it. A four gallon square bucket fits nicely and gives me over two weeks of use. When its full, I strap the plastic bucket onto my custom-made bike cart and off I go to our neighboring 10 acres where we are moving to this spring. I’ve got a bin set up using pallets on four sides — three narrow pieces of plywood overlapping on top with rubber tires to hold them down (all recycled, naturally). We’ve got huge piles of straw, manure, sawdust matter from the fairgrounds, bales of hay, bags of leaves and then I’ll occasionally bring some kitchen scraps over. My serious winter sprouting gives me root mats after harvesting buckwheat lettuce, wheatgrass, and sunflowers. They are a great layering agent in our worm bins. I must say — this is very exciting to us — and I can’t wait to dip my probe down into my pile in say, two years. I had to chuckle last week when I came around the corner on my bike with cart and bucket in tow. There was my neighbor directing this huge septic tank down into an excavated hole right next to his house. Everything about his ‘new’ home says toxic to me!” B.L. in WA
“Ah hah!! There is an intelligent lifeform out there. My husband and I have seen your book advertised in Countryside magazine for a good while. I finally came across it at the local library, checked it out and will eventually add it to our library. Great reading, common sense information, very well researched. We started your sawdust toilet idea at once. We are old dogs, but not too old to know a logical thing when we read it. Thanks, and bless you and yours.” E. & J.C. in OH
“Thank you so much for your book, humorous and well written. We are enjoying it. We have just received it yesterday. We will be posting you the pictures of our composting toilet on the beach this week. And again many thanks.” G.F. in Indonesia
“Humanure and the potential for large-scale . . . even a city size composting collection (apartment building toilets into a central collection dumpster), along with the crimes of the so-called ‘septic system,’ has become one of my most favored topics of conversation and promotion. Often through direct exposition at our farm. Many thanks for your noble work of art and contribution to this stinky species of ape.” R.T. in CT
“I couldn’t resist writing you to say how much I enjoyed your book. Normally I can’t absorb the written word very easily, but I soaked yours up, which I guess is rather appropriate. I’ve been composting for several years now. Robotically and indifferently at first, but gradually developing to a level which I can only describe as obsessive. I bore everyone silly talking about it — except my fellow composters, that is, and there are several around here. As I got more into it, I found myself thinking about the possibility of composting bodily harvests, until it got so every time I sat on the loo and performed, I was begrudging every turd! Becoming more and more conscious of the waste and stupidity of the whole system with every plop, the idea slowly formed in my mind that perhaps I could do something about it. Reading your book clinched it. I have resolved to pull out of the mainstream sewage system, hence the ordering of the most capacious compost bin I could find. As the rest of my family find the idea abhorrent (ha, ha — in their lifetime it will most likely become law!), I’m forced to go it alone.” J.M. in England
“As a small publisher and writer, I don’t often take the time to write fan letters and testimonials, but this is both. We’ve lived on a small island in the Pacific coastal rainforest for 20 years and have been composting/mouldering our shit since we moved here. We’re glad to have some new arguments to use from your book as, over the years, a few guests weren’t too enthusiastic about our system.” C.H. in Canada
“We’ve read your book from cover to cover and are planning to implement it this summer when we move to our paid-for place in the country. Thanks for the great information. I publish a Christian Homesteading magazine. We will [also] be publishing a special newsletter devoted to Y2K problems . . . deal[ing] with the nitty-gritty, how-to preparedness topics and Humanure compost toilets will fit right in.” J.E.
“We live in Mexico in the high desert of San Miguel de Allende where the water is precious and the soil is lousy. You’ve solved two of our biggest problems . . . My husband is so FECOPHOBIC, that he swears he neither shits nor farts. Getting him sold on the idea will be a problem. Any suggestions? I, of course, will be the one to empty the bucket.” L. in Mexico
“Recently a friend of mine lent me a copy of your book The Humanure Handbook. To say that I enjoyed and found useful the contents and message of the book would be a considerable understatement. And in short i would very much like to purchase a copy of my own. Thank you for all your time and effort in making this information available.” Rev. H.G. in CA
“Great book! I really loved it. We are soon to move to a new house. I can’t wait to start composting humanure. Thank you for all the information in the book. It will sit on a special shelf in the bathroom — reading material for those occupied in communing with nature!” B.C.
“Twelve years ago, I designed and built a solar powered home, and have been repeatedly told (so I now believe) that I am a very creative person. So, as I was reading your incredibly inspiring, well-written, humorous, and innovative book, I kept asking myself . . . Why didn't I think of this? You are truly a gift from — and to — Mother Earth. Thank you, thank you.” O.B. in ID
“I continue to be moved to hilarity by your writing, and the cartoons are pretty good too. Best of all is that your method of killing pathogens and parasite eggs and returning nutrients to the soil is virtually free. We are an environmental education center as well as a land trust community. So far we focus mainly on sustainable building, biointensive gardening, and wildlife management. I have a particular interest in a very simple lifestyle — sort of a radical eco-luddite anarchist type myself. Thanks again for the book!” M.M. in TX
“Your book came up in a search on Amazon.com and here I am, having just finished it, feeling like a man whose universe, at least one little corner of it, has condensed and collapsed, fallen into effortlessness, into rightness like a neutron star, like a compost pile. eureka! refinement! My shit makes sense! at last! Thank you.” R.P. (fellow common-senser) in MA

Source: The Humanure Handbook. Jenkins Publishing, PO Box 607, Grove City, PA 16127. To order, phone: 1-800-639-4099.
http://www.jenkinspublishing.com/

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