Manufacture of Vaccines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Vaccines Immune system and Vaccines The immune system refers to all of the cells, tissues, organs and processes that protect an organism from invasion by pathogens. Viruses, bacteria, parasites, and some toxins are some of the pathogens that the immune system is involved in eliminating from the body. One category of medicines dealing with the immune system is that of vaccines. Tetanus (no entry as yet) Diptheria (no entry as yet) H.flu B (no entry as yet) Pertussis (no entry as yet) Measles (no entry as yet) Tetanus (no entry as yet) Diptheria (no entry as yet) H.flu B (no entry as yet) Pertussis (no entry as yet) Measles (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Medicines for Urinary System

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Medicines for Urinary System Urinary system The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. Typically, every human has two kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs about the size of a bar of soap. The kidneys lie in the abdomen, posterior or retroperitoneal to the organs of digestion, around or just below the ribcage and close to the lumbar spine. The kidneys are surrounded by what is called peri-nephric fat, and situated on the superior pole of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The kidneys receive their blood supply of 1.25 L/min (25% of the cardiac output) from the renal arteries which are fed by the Abdominal aorta. This is important because the kidneys' main role is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. The other attachment of the kidneys are at their functional endpoints the ureters, which lies more medial and runs down to the trigone of the bladder. Functionally the kidney performs a number of tasks. In its role in the urinary system it concentrates urine, plays a crucial role in regulating electrolytes, and maintains acid-base homeostasis. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. In addition, they remove urea, a nitrogenous waste product from the metabolism of proteins from amino acids. The end point is a hyperosmolar solution carrying waste for storage in the bladder prior to urination. Humans produce about 1.5 liters of urine over 24 hours, although this amount may vary according to circumstances. Because the rate of filtration at the kidney is proportional to the glomerular filtration rate, which is in turn related to the blood flow through the kidney, changes in body fluid status can affect kidney function. Hormones exogenous and endogenous to the kidney alter the amount of blood flowing through the glomerulus. Some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production. Diuretics achieve this by altering the amount of absorbed or excreted electrolytes or osmalites, which causes a diuresis. Bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ shaped like a balloon. It is located in the anterior pelvis. The bladder stores urine; it swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty. In the absence of bladder disease, it can hold up to 500 mL (17 fl. oz.) of urine comfortably for two to five hours. The epithelial tissue associated with the bladder is called transitional epithelium. Normally the bladder is sterile. Sphincters (circular muscles) regulate the flow of urine from the bladder. The bladder itself has a muscular layer (detrusor muscle) that, when contracted, increases pressure on the bladder and creates urinary flow. Urination is a conscious process, generally initiated by stretch receptors in the bladder wall which signal to the brain that the bladder is full. This is felt as an urge to urinate. When urination is initiated, the sphincter relaxes and the detrusor muscle contracts, producing urinary flow. Urethra The endpoint of the urinary system is the urethra. Typically the urethra in humans is colonised by commensal bacteria below the external urethral sphincter. The urethra emerges from the end of the penis in males and between the clitoris and vagina in females. Role in disease Kidney diseases are normally investigated and treated by nephrologists, while the specialty of urology deals with problems in the other organs. Gynecologists may deal with problems of incontinence in women. Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension Diabetes also can have a direct effect in micturition due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetics. Kidney disease Renal failure is defined by functional impairment of the kidney. Renal failure can be acute or chronic, and can be further broken down into categories of pre-renal, intrinsic renal and post-renal. Pre-renal failure refers to impairment of supply of blood to the functional nephrons including renal artery stenosis. Intrinsic renal diseases are the classic diseases of the kidney including drug toxicity and nephritis. Post-renal failure is outlet obstruction after the kidney, such as a renal stone or prostatic bladder outlet obstruction. Renal failure may require medication, dietary and lifestyle modification and dialysis. Primary renal cell carcinomas as well as metastatic cancers can affect the kidney. Non-renal urinary tract disease The causes of diseases of the body are common to the urinary tract. Structural and or traumatic change can lead to hemorrhage, functional blockage or inflammation. Colonisation by bacteria, protozoa or fungi can cause infection. Uncontrolled cell growth can cause neoplasia. For example: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), interstitial cystitis, incontinence (involuntary loss of urine), benign prostatic hyperplasia (where the prostate overgrows), prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate). Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder cancer), renal cell carcinoma (kidney cancer), and prostate cancer are examples of neoplasms affecting the urinary system. The term "uropathy" refers to a disease of the urinary tract, while "nephropathy" refers to a disease of the kidney. Testing Biochemical blood tests determine the amount of typical markers of renal function in the blood serum, for instance serum urea and serum creatinine. Biochemistry can also be used to determine serum electrolytes. Special biochemical tests (arterial blood gas) can determine the amount of dissolved gases in the blood, indicating if pH imbalances are acute or chronic. Urinalysis is a test that studies the content of urine for abnormal substances such as protein or signs of infection. A Full Ward Test, also known as dipstick urinalysis, involves the dipping of a biochemically active test strip into the urine specimen to determine levels of tell-tale chemicals in the urine. Urinalysis can also involve MC&S microscopy , culture and sensitivity Urodynamic tests evaluate the storage of urine in the bladder and the flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra. It may be performed in cases of incontinence or neurological problems affecting the urinary tract. Ultrasound is commonly performed to investigate problems of the kidney and/or urinary tract. Radiology: KUB is plain radiography of the urinary system, e.g. to identify kidney stones. An intravenous pyelogram studies the shape of the urinary system. CAT scans and MRI can also be useful in localising urinary tract pathology. Diazepam (no entry as yet) Phenytoin (no entry as yet) Phenebarbitol (no entry as yet) Diazepam (no entry as yet) Phenytoin (no entry as yet) Phenebarbitol (no entry as yet)

Surgery

Ark Two Plan for the Surgery Surgical medicines and Procedures For this section we need to categorize the first types of surgery that may be attempted by medical personnel as they grow in skill. Some surgeries such as amputations will have to be performed early on. Techniques of anaesthesia, sterilization, cauterization, etc. need to be documented and discussed. Curare (no entry as yet) Curare (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Sensory system Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Sensory system Medicines Sensory system A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell). The receptive field is the specific part of the world to which a receptor organ and receptor cells respond. For instance, the part of the world an eye can see, is its receptive field; the light that each rod or cone can see, is its receptive field. Receptive fields have been identified for the visual system, auditory system and somatosensory system, so far. Stimulus Sensory systems code for four aspects of a stimulus; type (modality), intensity, location, and duration. Certain receptors are sensitive to certain types of stimuli (for example, different mechanoreceptors respond best to different kinds of touch stimuli, like sharp or blunt objects). Receptors send impulses in certain patterns to send information about the intensity of a stimulus (for example, how loud a sound is). The location of the receptor that is stimulated gives the brain information about the location of the stimulus (for example, stimulating a mechanoreceptor in a finger will send information to the brain about that finger). The duration of the stimulus (how long it lasts) is conveyed by firing patterns of receptors. Modality A stimulus modality (sensory modality) is a type of physical phenomenon that can be sensed. Examples are temperature, taste, sound, and pressure. The type of sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality. There is a correspondence between the six layers of the cerebral cortex and the six layers of the optic tract of the visual system. The primary visual cortex has areas labelled V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, MT, IT, etc. Thus Area V1 mentioned below, is meant to signify only one class of cells in the brain, for which there can be many other cells which are also engaged in vision. Note that there can be many types of senses, some not mentioned here. In particular, for humans, there will be cells which can be labelled as belonging to V1, V2 A1, A2, etc.: V1 (vision) Visual Area 1, or V1, is used for vision, via the visual system to the primary visual cortex. Olfactory Area 1, or O1, is used for smell. In contrast to vision and hearing, the olfactory bulbs are not cross-hemispheric; the right bulb connects to the right hemisphere and the left bulb connects to the left hemisphere. Human sensory system The Human sensory system consists of the following sub-systems: Visual system consists of the photoreceptors, optic nerve, and V1. Auditory system Somatosensory system consists of the receptors, transmitters (pathways) leading to S1, and S1 that experiences the sensations labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle), and the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, and facial expression (collectively also called proprioception). Gustatory system Olfactory system Human sensory receptors are: Chemosensor Mechanoreceptor Nociceptor Photoreceptor Thermoreceptor no medicines selected (no entry as yet) no medicines selected (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Respiratory system Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Respiratory system Medicines Respiratory System Among quadrupeds, the respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out. Respiratory systems of various types are found in a wide variety of organisms. Even trees have respiratory systems. In humans and other mammals, the respiratory system consists of the airways, the lungs, and the respiratory muscles that mediate the movement of air into and out of the body. Within the alveolar system of the lungs, molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous environment and the blood. Thus, the respiratory system facilitates oxygenation of the blood with a concomitant removal of carbon dioxide and other gaseous metabolic wastes from the circulation. The system also helps to maintain the acid-base balance of the body through the efficient removal of carbon dioxide from the blood. Upper respiratory tract/conducting zone The conducting zone begins with the nares (nostrils) of the nose, which open into the nasopharynx (nasal cavity). The primary functions of the nasal passages are to: 1) filter, 2) warm, 3) moisten, and 4) provide resonance in speech. The nasopharynx opens into the oropharynx (behind the oral cavity). The oropharynx leads to the laryngopharynx, and empties into the larynx (voicebox), which contains the vocal cords, passing through the glottis, connecting to the trachea (wind pipe). Lower respiratory tract/respiratory zone The trachea leads down to the thoracic cavity (chest) where it divides into the right and left "main stem" bronchi. The subdivision of the bronchus are: primary, secondary, and tertiary divisions (first, second and third levels). In all, they divide 16 more times into even smaller bronchioles. The bronchioles lead to the respiratory zone of the lungs which consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and the alveoli, the multi-lobulated sacs in which most of the gas exchange occurs. Ventilation Ventilation of the lungs is carried out by the muscles of respiration. Control Ventilation occurs under the control of the autonomic nervous system from the part of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata and the pons. This area of the brain forms the respiration regulatory center, a series of interconnected neurons within the lower and middle brain stem which coordinate respiratory movements. The sections are the pneumotaxic center, the apneustic center, and the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups. This section is especially sensitive during infancy, and the neurons can be destroyed if the infant is dropped or shaken violently. The result can be death due to "shaken baby syndrome." Inhalation Inhalation is initiated by the diaphragm and supported by the external intercostal muscles. Normal resting respirations are 10 to 18 breaths per minute. Its time period is 2 seconds. During vigorous inhalation (at rates exceeding 35 breaths per minute), or in approaching respiratory failure, accessory muscles of respiration are recruited for support. These consist of sternocleidomastoid, platysma, and the strap muscles of the neck. Inhalation is driven primarily by the diaphragm. When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage expands and the contents of the abdomen are moved downward. This results in a larger thoracic volume, which in turn causes a decrease in intrathoracic pressure. As the pressure in the chest falls, air moves into the conducting zone. Here, the air is filtered, warmed, and humidified as it flows to the lungs. During forced inhalation, as when taking a deep breath, the external intercostal muscles and accessory muscles further expand the thoracic cavity. Exhalation Exhalation is generally a passive process, however active or forced exhalation is achieved by the abdominal and the internal intercostal muscles. The lungs have a natural elasticity; as they recoil from the stretch of inhalation, air flows back out until the pressures in the chest and the atmosphere reach equilibrium. During forced exhalation, as when blowing out a candle, expiratory muscles including the abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles, generate abdominal and thoracic pressure, which forces air out of the lungs. Circulation The right side of the heart pumps blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk. The trunk branches into right and left pulmonary arteries to the pulmonary blood vessels. The vessels generally accompany the airways and also undergo numerous branchings. Once the gas exchange process is complete in the pulmonary capillaries, blood is returned to the left side of the heart through four pulmonary veins, two from each side. The pulmonary circulation has a very low resistance, due to the short distance within the lungs, compared to the systemic circulation, and for this reason, all the pressures within the pulmonary blood vessels are normally low as compared to the pressure of the systemic circulation loop. Virtually all the body's blood travels through the lungs every minute. The lungs add and remove many chemical messengers from the blood as it flows through pulmonary capillary bed . The fine capillaries also trap blood clots that have formed in systemic veins. Gas exchange The major function of the respiratory system is gas exchange. As gas exchange occurs, the acid-base balance of the body is maintained as part of homeostasis. If proper ventilation is not maintained two opposing conditions could occur: 1) respiratory acidosis, a life threatening condition, and 2) respiratory alkalosis. Upon inhalation, gas exchange occurs at the alveoli, the tiny sacs which are the basic functional component of the lungs. The alveolar walls are extremely thin (approx. 0.2 micrometres), and are permeable to gases. The alveoli are lined with pulmonary capillaries, the walls of which are also thin enough to permit gas exchange. All gases diffuse from the alveolar air to the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, as carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction, from capillary blood to alveolar air. At this point, the pulmonary blood is oxygen-rich, and the lungs are holding carbon dioxide. Exhalation follows, thereby ridding the body of the carbon dioxide and completing the cycle of respiration. In an average resting adult, the lungs take up about 250ml of oxygen every minute while excreting about 200ml of carbon dioxide. During an average breath, an adult will exchange from 500 ml to 700 ml of air. This average breath capacity is called tidal volume. Salbutamol (no entry as yet) Albuterol (no entry as yet) Theophylline (no entry as yet) Prednisone (no entry as yet) Salbutamol (no entry as yet) Albuterol (no entry as yet) Theophylline (no entry as yet) Prednisone (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of medicine for the Reproductive System

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of medicine for the Reproductive System Reproductive System The reproductive system is the ensembles and interactions of organs and/or substances within an organism that strictly pertain to reproduction. As an example, this would include in the case of female mammals, the hormone estrogen, ova, and the uterus and the vagina, and the breasts. This also includes gametes. A reproductive system disease is any disease that impairs the ability to reproduce. Such diseases may arise from genetic or congenital abnormalities, such as hermaphroditism, from functional problems such as impotence or infertility or infections such as sexually transmitted diseases. Reproductive tract infection (RTI) is a broad statement that refers to three general types of infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the Reproductive System. For females, reproductive tract infections can be in either the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus), and the lower reproductive tract (vagina, cervix and vulva); for males these infections are at the penis, testicles, urethra or the sperm tube. The three types of reproductive tract infections are endogenous infections, latrogenic infections and the more commonly known sexually transmitted infections. Each has its own specific causes and symptoms, either caused by a bacterium, virus, unsterilized medical tools or sexually. Some of these are easily treatable and can be cured, while others are more difficult. A sexually transmitted disease (STD), a.k.a. Venereal disease (VD), is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between humans or animals by means of sexual contact, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Increasingly, the term sexually transmitted infection (STI) is used, as it has a broader range of meaning; a person may be infected, and may potentially infect others, without showing signs of disease. Some STIs can also be transmitted via the needles used in IV drug use, as well as through childbirth or breastfeeding. medicines selected (no entry as yet) medicines selected (no entry as yet)

Medical publications

Ark Two Plan for the Medical publications

We have dozens (many dozens) of publications such as military medical manuals and books on old chemical processes.
There are also books available on alternative medicines and herbs

Merck Manual

When there is no Dentist

When there is no Doctor 

Manufacture of Psychiatric medicine

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Psychiatric medicine Psychiatric medicine Psychiatry is a branch of medicine which exists to study, prevent, and treat mental disorders in humans The art and science of the clinical application of psychiatry has been considered a bridge between the social world and those who are mentally ill. Both its research and clinical application are considered interdisciplinary. Because of this, various subspecialties and theoretical approaches exist in psychiatric research and practice. Psychiatrists can be considered physicians who specialize in the doctor-patient relationship. Ancient psychiatry originated in the 5th century BC with the ideology that psychotic disorders were supernatural in origin. At that time clergy were the individuals in society with the responsibility of "curing" mental disorders. By the middle ages psychiatric hospitals were first created as custodial institutions to house those with mental disorders. During the 18th century the idea arose that mental health institutions could utilize treatments. The shift of psychiatry to the hard sciences moved psychiatry into a different direction which resulted in an altered doctor-patient relationship. These changes were seen by many in society as negative and anti-psychiatry movements emerged. The shift in thinking, as well as the introduction of psychiatric medications, led to the dismantling of state psychiatric hospitals. While community treatment was seen as the single solution for those suffering from mental disorders, clinician's soon realized that it was only another treatment option following the drift of disturbed populations into homelessness and prisons. The dramatic changes associated with psychiatric diagnoses and treatments have pushed the field into recognizing the balance between the biological and social sciences and has called for a significant demand of research looking into the origins, classification, and treatment of mental disorders. Those who practice psychiatry are different than most other mental health professionals and physicians in that they must be familiar with both the social and biological sciences. The discipline is interested in the operations of different organs and body systems as classified by the patient's subjective experiences and the objective physiology of the patient. Psychiatry exists to treat mental disorders which are conventionally divided into three very general categories; mental illness, severe learning disability, and personality disorder. Scope of practice Psychiatry has generally been considered a middle ground between neurology and psychology. Unlike other physicians and neurologists, psychiatrists specialize in the doctor-patient relationship and are trained in the use of psychotherapy and other therepautic communication techniques. Psychiatrists can therefore prescribe medications, order laboratory tests, utilize neuroimaging in a clinical setting, and conduct physical examinations. Carbamazepine (no entry as yet) Haloperidol (no entry as yet) Lithium (no entry as yet) Saint John's Wort (no entry as yet) Carbamazepine (no entry as yet) Haloperidol (no entry as yet) Lithium (no entry as yet) Saint John's Wort (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Pediatric medicine

Ark Two Plan
for the
Manufacture of Pediatric medicine

Pediatric medicine Pediatrics (also spelt paediatrics) is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The upper age limit ranges from age 14 to 21, depending on the country. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is thus known as a pediatrician (also spelt paediatrician). The word pediatrics and its cognates mean healer of children. Differences between adult and pediatric medicine Pediatrics differs from adult medicine in many respects. The obvious body size differences are paralleled by maturational changes. The smaller body of an infant or neonate is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and a host of other issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. Some diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis are more often treated by pediatricians because only recently did the majority of these patients survive into adulthood. Issues revolving around infectious diseases and immunizations are also dealt with primarily by pediatricians. Put simply, treating a child is not like treating a miniature adult. Childhood is the period of greatest growth, development and maturation of the various organ systems in the body. Years of training and experience (above and beyond basic medical training) goes into recognizing the difference between normal variants and what is actually pathological. Another major difference between pediatrics and adult medicine is that children are minors and, in most jurisdictions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of guardianship, privacy, legal responsibility and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. In a sense, pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child.

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Path to Manufacture Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Path to Manufacture Medicines The Path This page is the heart of the Ark Two Plan for manufacturing medicines in the post-apocalyptic period. It is also the most unfinished and will ever remain a work in progress. Key to the plan will be the development of an input / output table showing which chemicals are required for the production of other chemicals and medicines. The idea is present this table as a chart that will show the root elements and the restraining or missing elements in manufacturing and particular chemical or medicine. The chart may prove to be quite complicated with many interrelated paths and chemicals. One major tool that we have acquired is the last printed copy of the many volume Thomas Register. This will permit us to identify where particular chemicals were previously manufactured so that we may be able to find remanents of those processes, skills and capabilities. The actual development of strategies and assignment of tasks must await the time when we can identify what resources have survived. For the time being we shall have to content ourselves with developing the input / output tables. ############################### Principles Fire - solar - firewood - (energy) Air - oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen Water - Distillation - Cooling Availabilty - Limiting ingredients Energy requirements Make or trade good quality, low cost, readily available Chemicals Carbon Ash Acid Vinegar, Hydrochloric, Sulfuric .... Base Potash, Lye, Caustic Soda Salt Excavation, evaporation Sugar Plant extraction, beets, cane Starches corn, potato Fertilizer compost, vermiculture, humanure Concrete Insulation Rubber Acetone Ether Soap mercury tin turpentine oil lime ############################## item (no entry as yet) item (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of other Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Other medicines Other medicines Other medicines. Chemical formulation of medicines from the lists of hundreds of formulas provided by Paul Adrenalin (no entry as yet) Atropine (no entry as yet) Adrenalin (no entry as yet) Atropine (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of other medical supplies

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Other medical supplies Other medical supplies Below you will find a long list of medical supplies that are felt to be essential. Each of these need investigation as to how they, or substitutes, can be produced. 1. needles 2. tubing 3. sterile wrappings 4. suture material 5. gauze 6. depth filters 7. gloves 8. masks 9. canning pressure cooker 10. mortar / pestle 11. balance scale 12. distillation aparatus 13. stretcher / gurney 14. plaster casts 15. crutches 16. scalpels 17. forceps Pottery Glassware Sterilizers Ice / refrigeration Lighting Vacuum / suction needles (no entry as yet) tubing (no entry as yet) sterile wrappings (no entry as yet) suture material (no entry as yet) gauze (no entry as yet) depth filters (no entry as yet) gloves (no entry as yet) masks (no entry as yet) canning pressure cooker (no entry as yet) mortar / pestle (no entry as yet) balance scale (no entry as yet) distillation aparatus (no entry as yet) stretcher / gurney (no entry as yet) plaster casts (no entry as yet) crutches (no entry as yet) scalpels (no entry as yet) forceps (no entry as yet) Pottery (no entry as yet) Glassware (no entry as yet) Sterilizers (no entry as yet) Ice / refrigeration (no entry as yet) Lighting (no entry as yet) Vacuum / suction (no entry as yet) Thermometers (no entry as yet) needles (no entry as yet) tubing (no entry as yet) sterile wrappings (no entry as yet) suture material (no entry as yet) gauze (no entry as yet) depth filters (no entry as yet) gloves (no entry as yet) masks (no entry as yet) canning pressure cooker (no entry as yet) mortar / pestle (no entry as yet) balance scale (no entry as yet) distillation aparatus (no entry as yet) stretcher / gurney (no entry as yet) plaster casts (no entry as yet) crutches (no entry as yet) scalpels (no entry as yet) forceps (no entry as yet) Pottery (no entry as yet) Glassware (no entry as yet) Sterilizers (no entry as yet) Ice / refrigeration (no entry as yet) Lighting (no entry as yet) Vacuum / suction (no entry as yet) Thermometers (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Musculoskeletal / orthopedic medicine medicine

Ark Two Plan for the Musculoskeletal / orthopedic medicine medicine Musculoskeletal / orthopedic medicine The musculoskeletal system is an organ system that gives animals the ability to move to more favorable conditions by using the muscles and skeletal system to engage in locomotion. Bones also serve a role as support and to protect internal organs and in many organisms to store fat and minerals and produce blood cells. The human musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons. nothing (no entry as yet) nothing (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Ophthalmological medicine

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Ophthalmological medicine Ophthalmological medicine Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, brain, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids. The word ophthalmology comes from the Greek roots ophthalmos meaning eye and logos meaning word, thought or discourse; ophthalmology literally means "The science of eyes." Erythromycin (no entry as yet) Gentamycin (no entry as yet) Fucidic acid (no entry as yet) Erythromycin (no entry as yet) Gentamycin (no entry as yet) Fucidic acid (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Obstetrical medicine

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Obstetrical medicine Obstetrical medicine Obstetrics (from the Latin obstare, "to stand by") is the surgical specialty dealing with the care of a woman and her offspring during pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (the period shortly after birth). Midwifery is the equivalent non-surgical specialty. Most Obstetricians are also gynaecologists. The average gestational period for humans is 40 weeks by gestational age and 38 weeks by fertilization age. This is divided into three trimesters. Midwifery is the term traditionally used to describe the art of assisting a woman through childbirth. In the modern context, this term is used to describe the activities of those health care providers who are experts in women's health care including giving prenatal care to expecting mothers. They attend the birth of the infant and provide postpartum care to the mother and her infant. Practitioners of midwifery are known as midwives, a term used in reference to both women and men (the term means "with woman"). Midwives are autonomous practitioners who are specialists in normal pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum. They generally strive to help women have a healthy pregnancy and natural birth experience. Midwives are also primary care givers providing general women's health care. Midwives are trained to recognize and deal with deviations from the norm. Obstetricians, in contrast, are specialists in illness related to childbearing and in surgery. The two professions can be complementary, but often are at odds because Obstetricians are taught to "actively manage" labor, while midwives are taught not to intervene unless necessary. Midwives refer to Obstetricians when a woman requires care beyond her or his areas of expertise. In many jurisdictions, these professions work together to provide care to childbearing women. In others, only the midwife is available to provide care. Midwives are trained to handle certain situations that are considered abnormal, including breech birth and posterior position, using non-invasive techniques. In many areas of the world midwives are the only available providers for childbearing women A midwife may practice in any setting including in the home, the community, hospitals, clinics or health units. Historically, midwifery has been one of the few medical practices dominated by female practitioners. From Agnodice in ancient Greece to the 18th century in Europe, the care of mothers and delivery of infants has been regarded, both by patients and by the medical profession, as appropriately carried out by women. Nurse-midwives Nurse-midwives were introduced in the United States in 1925. This combination of nurse and midwife was very successful. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company studied the first seven years of the FNS, and reported a substantially lower maternal and infant mortality rate than for the rest of the country. The report concluded that if this type of care was available to other women in the USA thousands of lives would be saved, and suggested nurse-midwife training should be done in the USA. Estrogen (no entry as yet) Oxytocin (no entry as yet) Misoprostol (no entry as yet) Estrogen (no entry as yet) Oxytocin (no entry as yet) Misoprostol (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Medicines for the Nervous System

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Medicines for the Nervous System Nervous system The nervous system is a highly specialized tissue network whose principal component are neurons. These cells are interconnected to each other in a complex arrange, and have the property of conducting, using electrochemical signals, a great variety of stimuli within the nervous tissue as well as from and towards most of the other tissues. Thus, neurons coordinate multiple functions in organisms. The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain within the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity. The CNS is covered by the meninges. The brain is also protected by the skull, and the spinal cord is also protected by the vertebrae. The Peripheral nervous system resides or extends outside the "CNS" central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) to serve the limbs and organs. Unlike the central nervous system, however, the PNS is not protected by bone, leaving it exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Diazepam (no entry as yet) Phenytoin (no entry as yet) Phenebarbitol (no entry as yet) Diazepam (no entry as yet) Phenytoin (no entry as yet) Phenebarbitol (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Medicines and Medical Supplies

Ark Two Plan
for the
Manufacture of Medicines
and Medical Supplies


Ark Two Plan for Manufacture
The Ark Two Plan for the post-apocalyptic manufacture of medicine and medical supplies from the ground up is divided into two categories:

    1. The first category deals with locally replicable medicines and supplies. 2. The second category envisions longer-term inter-community multi-LERN Levels of processes for re-establishing medicines and medical supplies. The LERN concept is explained in depth in the book Society AFTER Doomsday

The order of production of medicines and supplies depends upon:

    1. a procedure for determining which medicines and supplies have priority for development - based upon a combination of their usefulness and the possibility of their being produced. 2. a descriptive path of which chemicals lead to other chemicals and catalysts -

Each community will have to determine the first for itself. At Ark Two we are presently working on the second point as well as descriptions of the processes for manufacture. In regards to the latter - someone could greatly benefit the cause by making a contribution of some of the resources available at: NIIR. What we have done below may be viewed as a working outline for the information that we think will need to be obtained in a post-apocalyptic situation.


The Ark Two Plan
for Manufacturing Medicines and Medical Supplies
The list that we have come up with is in reality a 'wish list' of the physicians and others in our medical group. We have yet to determine which ones can be developed locally.
We have taken two overlapping approaches in trying to categorize the material and medicines that we are trying to organize. The first Category is a 'systems' approach largely divided along specialties in medicine based mainly upon a systems view of the human body. This is a large general overview but we hope to eventually be able to add methods and medicines specialized to that category which people will have figured out how to develop on a local basis in the post-holocaust situation.
The second Category is a listing of medicines and supplies that will have application over several systems of category one. At present, the medicines and supplies listed are generally a 'wish list' that the physicians in Ark Two Project 3000 Group J (medical) have felt are essential. For many of the medicines and supplies in both Categories One and Two we have yet to determine what resources will be necessary for their production and whether or not (or at what stage) it will be possible to undertake their manufacture.

Category One
C

    Cardiovascular system

D

    Dentistry Dermatological system
    Dietary medicine
    Digestive system

E

    Endocrine system Exocrine system

I

    Immune system

M

    Musculoskeletal / orthopedic medicine

N

    Nervous system
        Sensory system
            Ophthalmological

O

    Obstetrics

P

    Pediatrics Psychiatry

R

    Reproductive system Respiratory system

U

    Urinary system

This is presently a work in progress - and may always remain as such - as people suggest other medicines or substitutes or alternative ways of manufacturing them. At present we have just now established the structure and we have much information to put into it. We have the formulas for hundreds - perhaps well over a thousand different medicines - but we needed this structure to begin to prioritise and organize them. We will now, hopefully, begin to be able to determine the feasibility of manufacture for the ones most desired.

Category Two

    A. Anaesthetics B. Analgesics
    C. Antibiotics / Antimicrobials
    D. Antiseptics
    E. Fluids
    F. Surgery
    G. Allergies
    H. Other medicines
    I. Other medical supplies
    J. Medical publications

Manufacture of Fluids

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Fluids Intravenous therapy or IV therapy Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of liquid substances directly into a vein. It can be intermittent or continuous; continuous administration is called an intravenous drip. The word intravenous simply means "within a vein", but is most commonly used to refer to IV therapy. Therapies administered intravenously are often called specialty pharmaceuticals. Compared with other routes of administration, the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. Some medications, as well as blood transfusions and lethal injections, can only be given intravenously. Saline (no entry as yet) Dextrose (no entry as yet) Glucose (no entry as yet) Blood (no entry as yet) Saline (no entry as yet) Dextrose (no entry as yet) Glucose (no entry as yet) Blood (no entry as yet)

Manufacture of Exocrine system Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Exocrine system Medicines Exocrine System Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (enzymes) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands). Names and location of exocrine glands The names of the anatomists who first described them are often employed as names of the glands: apocrine sweat glands skin Bartholin's glands, Tiedmann's glands, vulvovaginal glands vulva, vagina Bauhin's glands, anterior lingual glands tongue, near tip Brunner's glands, duodenal glands duodenum bulbourethral glands, Cowper's glands, Mery's glands penis, base Ciaccio's glands, accessory lacrimal glands eye Cobelli's glands esophagus, just above the cardia, in the mucosa Duverney's gland vagina, on either side Ebner's glands tongue eccrine sweat glands skin esophageal glands esophagus exocrine pancreas pancreas Fränkel's glands vocal cords, below the edge gastric chief cell, Wasmann's glands stomach glomus coccygeum, coccygeal gland, Luschka's gland or ganglion coccyx, near the tip goblet cells digestive tract, respiratory tract Henle's glands eyelids, in the conjuctiva Huguier's glands vagina Krause's glands conjunctiva, middle portion Lieberkuhn's glands intestines, surface of mucous membrane Littré's glands, Morgagni's glands spongy portion of the urethra mammary gland breast Meibomian gland eyelids Moll's glands eyelids Montgomery's glands mammary areola Naboth's glands cervix and os uteri olfactory glands, Bowman's glands nose, olfactory region Paneth cells small intestine parathyroid glands, Gley's glands, Sandstroem's glands thyroid, on surface parotid gland mouth Peyer's patches (or glands) ileum, lymphatic glands pyloric glands stomach sebaceous gland skin Skene's glands, Guérin's glands vagina sublingual gland, Rivini's gland mouth submandibular gland mouth sudoriparous glands, Boerhaave's glands skin Sigmund's glands epitrochlear lymph nodes Suzanne's gland mouth, beneath the alveolingual groove Weber's glands tongue Glands of Zeis eyelids, free edges Prostate gland is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system. It secretes a clear and basic fluid that constitutes 1/3 of the volume of semen. No medicine entries as yet

Manufacture of Endocrine system Medicines

Ark Two Plan for the Manufacture of Endocrine system Medicines Endocrinology Endocrinology is a branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the endocrine system and its specific secretions called hormones. Function of endocrine organs, hormones and receptors Hormones are molecules that act as signals from one type of cells to another. Most hormones reach their targets via the blood. All multicellular organisms need "coordinating systems to regulate and integrate the function of differentiating cells." Two mechanisms perform this function in higher animals: the nervous system and the endocrine system. The endocrine system acts through the release (generally into the blood) of chemical agents and is vital to the proper development and function of organisms. Endocrinology is concerned with the study of the biosynthesis, storage, chemistry, and physiological function of hormones and with the cells of the endocrine glands and tissues that secrete them. The endocrine system consists of several glands, in different parts of the body, that secrete hormones directly into the blood rather than into a duct system. Hormones have many different functions and modes of action; one hormone may have several effects on different target organs, and, conversely, one target organ may be affected by more than one hormone. In the original 1902 definition by Bayliss and Starling, they specified that, to be classified as a hormone, a chemical must be produced by an organ, be released (in small amounts) into the blood, and be transported by the blood to a distant organ to exert its specific function. This definition holds for most 'classical' hormones, but there are also paracrine mechanisms (chemical communication between cells within a tissue or organ), autocrine signals (a chemical that acts on the same cell), and intracrine signals (a chemical that acts within the same cell). A neuroendocrine signal is a 'classical' hormone that is released into the blood by a neurosecretory neuron (see article on Neuroendocrinology). Hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the target organ. A receptor has at least two basic constituents: a recognition site, to which the hormone binds an effector site, which precipitates the modification of cellular function Between these is a "transduction mechanism" in which hormone binding induces allosteric modification that, in turn, produces the appropriate response. There are three different classes of hormone based on their chemical composition Amines Amines, such as norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, are derived from single amino acids, in this case tyrosine. Thyroid hormones such as 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T3) and 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine, T4) make up a subset of this class because they derive from the combination of two iodinated tyrosine amino acid residues. Peptide and Protein Peptide hormones and protein hormones consist of three (in the case of thyrotropin-releasing hormone) to more than 200 (in the case of follicle-stimulating hormone) amino acid residues and can have molecular weights as large as 30,000. All hormones secreted by the pituitary gland are peptide hormones, as are leptin from adipocytes, ghrelin from the stomach, and insulin from the pancreas. Steroid Steroid hormones are converted from their parent compound, cholesterol. Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestagens. thyroid hormone (no entry as yet) metformin (no entry as yet) testosterone (no entry as yet) thyroid hormone (no entry as yet) metformin (no entry as yet) testosterone (no entry as yet)